Understanding vocabulary use by Native American students and the relationship with special education

Figures & data

Table 1. Student demographics table

CODE	Grade	Age	Gender
Student 1	2	7	F
Student 2	6	11	M
Student 3	2	7	F
Student 4	2	7	M
Student 5	3	8	F
Student 6	K	6	M
Student 7	K	6	F
Student 8	8	13	F
Student 9	8	14	F
Student 10	7	13	F
Student 11	1	6	M
Student 12	K	5	F
Student 13	K	5	M
Student 14	8	13	F
Student 15	10	16	F
Student 16	8	14	M
Student 17	8	15	M
Student 18	6	12	F
Student 19	6	11	M
Student 20	7	13	F

Table 2. Student language demographics table

Code	Language self (parent/guardian)	Language spouse	Child language use
Student 1	English/Tewa	English	English 90% Tewa 10%
Student 2	English/Tewa/Spanish	English/Spanish	English only
Student 3	English/Tewa	English/Tewa	English 60% Tewa 40%
Student 4	English/Tewa/Spanish	English/Span	English only
Student 5	English/Tewa	English	English 90% Tewa 10%
Student 6	English/Tewa	English/Tewa	English only
Student 7	English/Tewa	NONE	English 90% Tewa 10%
Student 8	English/Tewa/Spanish	English/Spanish	English only
Student 9	English/Tewa	Eng/Apache	English 80% Tewa 20%
Student 10	English/Tewa	Eng/Apache	English 80% Tewa 20%
Student 11	English/Tewa	Eng/Towa	English 80% Tewa 20%
Student 12	English/Tewa	Eng/Towa	English 80% Tewa 20%
Student 13	English/Tewa/Keres	NONE	English 90% Tewa 10%
Student 14	English/Tewa	NONE	English 80% Tewa 20%
Student 15	English/Tewa	NONE	English 80% Tewa 20%
Student 16	English/Tewa/Keres	NONE	English 60% Tewa 40%
Student 17	English/Tewa	NONE	English 95% Tewa 5%
Student 18	English/Tewa/Keres	NONE	English 60% Tewa 40%
Student 19	English/Tewa	English/Keres	English 90% Tewa 10%
Student 20	English/Tewa	Eng/Keres	English 90% Tewa 10%

Table 3. Socioeconomic demographics table

Code	Highest ed self (parent/guardian)	Highest ed spouse	Occupation self (parent/guardian)	Occupation spouse
Student 1	GRAD	BACH	Teacher	Afterschool Coordinator
Student 2	HIGH	HIGH	Accounting	Unemployed
Student 3	HIGH	HIGH	Casino	Casino
Student 4	HIGH	HIGH	Accounting	Unemployed
Student 5	GRAD	BACH	Teacher	Afterschool Coordinator
Student 6	HIGH	HIGH	Clerical	NONE
Student 7	HIGH	HIGH	NONE	Casino
Student 8	HIGH	HIGH	Accounting	Unemployed
Student 9	GRAD	BACH	Unemployed	Professional
Student 10	GRAD	BACH	Unemployed	Professional
Student 11	HIGH	HIGH	Casino	Casino
Student 12	HIGH	HIGH	Casino	Casino
Student 13	HIGH	COMM COLL	Administrator	NONE
Student 14	HIGH	HIGH	Manual work	NONE
Student 15	HIGH	HIGH	Manual work	NONE
Student 16	HIGH	HIGH	Tewa teacher	NONE
Student 17	HIGH	HIGH	Secretary	NONE
Student 18	HIGH	HIGH	Tewa teacher	NONE
Student 19	HIGH	HIGH	Clerical	Casino
Student 20	HIGH	HIGH	Clerical	Casino

Table 4. Use of non-specific vocabulary for nouns and adjectives

CODE	Noun replacements (%)	Adjective replacements (%)
Student 1	97	3
Student 2	95	5
Student 3	97	3
Student 4	99	1
Student 5	98	2
Student 6	93	7
Student 7	99	1
Student 8	98	2
Student 9	96	3
Student 10	95	5
Student 11	97	3
Student 12	99	1
Student 13	100	0
Student 14	99	1
Student 15	97	3
Student 16	95	5
Student 17	96	4
Student 18	100	0
Student 19	98	2
Student 20	97	3
Average	98	4

Table 5. The SALT data results

Student	Use of non-specific vocabulary	Use of descriptions	Type token ratio
Norms	>20%	No normative data (%)	0.45–0.50
Student 1	34	24	0.29
Student 2	22	23	0.32
Student 3	29	21	0.31
Student 4	25	20	0.36
Student 5	23	10	0.37
Student 6	20	11	0.40
Student 7	26	13	0.33
Student 8	21	17	0.35
Student 9	20	20	0.41
Student 10	27	25	0.34
Student 11	32	30	0.28
Student 12	27	25	0.30
Student 13	27	20	0.34
Student 14	28	25	0.37
Student 15	30	19	0.41
Student 16	20	28	0.39
Student 17	29	20	0.35
Student 18	28	17	0.36
Student 19	30	20	0.32
Student 20	33	16	0.30
AVERAGES	27.55	20.2	0.345