The effects of a growth mindset on self-efficacy and motivation

Figures & data

Table 1. Instrumentation

	RSPS-2	MRQ
Purpose	A measure of self-efficacy in reading	A measure of motivation to read
Response Format	5-point Likert-type scale	4-point Likert-type scale
Items	33 items	53 items
Subscales	Progress, Observational Comparison, Social Feedback, Physiological States	Reading Efficacy, Reading Challenge, Reading Curiosity, Aesthetic Enjoyment of Reading, Importance of Reading, Reading Recognition, Reading for Grades, Social Reasons for Reading, Reading Competition, Compliance, Reading Work Avoidance
Age Level	Applicable to students in Grades 6 and above	Applicable to students in Grades 4–8

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for RSPS-2 pretest scores by group

Subscale	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Treatment (n = 40)
PR	42.55	5.83	32.00	54.00
OC	27.00	2.34	21.00	30.00
SF	26.45	2.26	22.00	31.00
PS	33.45	3.77	27.00	42.00
Comparison (n = 28)
PR	45.07	4.68	38.00	55.00
OC	26.04	2.78	21.00	32.00
SF	26.11	2.03	22.00	30.00
PS	35.21	5.20	25.00	44.00

Table 3. One-way MANOVA results for mean RSPS-2 pretest scores

Source	Type III sum of squares	df	Mean squares	F	Sig.	Partial eta Squared
PR	104.71	1	104.71	3.60	.06	.052
OC	.59	1	.59	.09	.76	.001
SF	1.94	1	1.94	.41	.52	.006
PS	51.27	1	51.27	2.64	.11	.038

Note. p = .025.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for RSPS-2 posttest scores by group

Subscale	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Treatment (n = 40)
PR	43.48	4.71	34.00	51.00
OC	28.00	2.17	24.00	32.00
SF	27.78	2.06	23.00	31.00
PS	35.78	4.78	28.00	47.00
Comparison (n = 28)
PR	44.43	4.19	36.00	51.00
OC	27.07	1.92	24.00	30.00
SF	27.07	2.37	23.00	33.00
PS	36.32	5.93	25.00	46.00

Table 5. One-way MANOVA results for mean RSPS-2 posttest scores

Source	Type III sum of squares	df	Mean squares	F	Sig.	Partial eta squared
PR	14.98	1	14.98	0.74	.40	.011
OC	14.20	1	14.20	3.30	.07	.048
SF	8.15	1	8.15	1.70	.20	.025
PS	4.92	1	4.92	0.18	.68	.003

Note. p = .025.

Table 6. Descriptive statistics for MRQ pretest scores by group

Program type	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Treatment (n = 40)	129.70	10.26	111.00	149.00
Comparison (n = 28)	133.61	8.17	117.00	146.00

Table 7. T-test results for MRQ pretest scores

	F	Sig.	T	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean difference	Std. error difference	Lower	Upper
Equal variances assumed	1.14	.29	−1.68	66.00	.10	−3.91	2.33	−8.56	.75
Equal variances not assumed			−1.74	64.82	.09	−3.91	2.24	−8.38	.57

Note. p = .025.

Table 8. Descriptive statistics for MRQ posttest scores by group

Subscale	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Treatment (n = 40)	159.13	12.27	129	179
Comparison (n = 28)	141.64	8.27	126	158

Table 9. T-test results for MRQ posttest scores

	F	Sig.	T	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean difference	Std. error difference	Lower	Upper
Equal variances assumed	5.39	.03	6.56	66.00	.001	17.48	2.66	12.16	22.80
Equal variances not assumed			7.02	65.93	.001	17.48	2.50	12.51	22.46

Note. p = .025.