Inside the intention to join extracurricular activities: Integrating the theory of planned behavior and signaling theory

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic profile of respondents

Measure	Items	Frequency	%
Gender	Male	108	27.98%
	Female	278	72.02%
Part-time Job	Working students	270	69.95%
	Non-working Students	116	30.05%
University	Private	202	52.33%
	Public	184	47.67%
Year in school	Freshman	122	31.61%
	Sophomore	152	39.38%
	Junior	57	14.76%
	senior	55	14.25%
Permanent residence	Urban areas	123	31.87%
	Rural areas	263	68.13%

Table 2. Scale accuracy analysis

		Distribution		Standard Deviation	Mean value*	α test/rho-A/CR value/AVE	Highest HTMT ratios	Factor loading
Research Constructs		Kurtosis	Skewness
Attitude	ATT1	−0.14	0.102	0.73	2.909	0.855/0.86/0.896/0.633	0.461	0.810
	ATT2	0.024	−0.257	0.697	2.826			0.786
	ATT3	0.334	−0.102	0.683	2.855			0.791
	ATT4	−0.265	0.011	0.731	2.868			0.827
	ATT5	0.015	−0.074	0.728	2.821			0.763
Perceived behavior control	PBC1	−0.208	0.079	0.7	3.329	0.835/0.836/0.89/0.67	0.465	0.819
	PBC2	−0.121	−0.107	0.704	3.345			0.813
	PBC3	−0.101	−0.013	0.717	3.321			0.805
	PBC4	−0.075	0.198	0.697	3.303			0.837
Subjective norm	SBN1	−0.171	−0.071	0.771	3.332	0.854/0.86/0.901/0.694	0.512	0.850
	SBN2	−0.077	−0.002	0.772	3.37			0.820
	SBN3	0.035	−0.009	0.738	3.321			0.811
	SBN4	−0.028	−0.018	0.706	3.376			0.851
Clarity	CLA1	−0.358	0.069	0.798	3.306	0.847/0.847/0.897/0.68	0.537	0.832
	CLA2	−0.386	−0.011	0.732	3.313			0.833
	CLA3	0.006	−0.021	0.741	3.321			0.823
	CLA4	−0.134	0.007	0.739	3.36			0.821
Consistency	CST1	0.175	−0.149	0.74	2.699	0.836/0.837/0.891/0.67	0.591	0.835
	CST2	−0.108	−0.105	0.748	2.679			0.819
	CST3	0.033	0.069	0.774	2.746			0.802
	CST4	−0.089	0.044	0.747	2.71			0.82
Credibility	CRE1	−0.264	−0.047	0.742	3.298	0.847/0.85/0.897/0.686	0.591	0.826
	CRE1	−0.142	−0.06	0.788	3.293			0.870
	CRE1	−0.154	0.069	0.758	3.365			0.816
	CRE1	−0.046	0.074	0.73	3.365			0.799
Intention	INT1	−0.155	0.091	0.759	3.339	0.811/0.812/0.888/0.73	0.461	0.838
	INT2	−0.324	0.063	0.797	3.347			0.850
	INT3	−0.141	0.084	0.79	3.311			0.867

(*) Based on a 5-point Likert scale

CR: Composite reliability; AVE: average variance explained; HTMT: Heterotrait-Monotrait

Table 3. Correlation matrix for model variables

	ATT	PBC	SUB	CLA	CON	CRE	INT
ATT	0.796
PBC	0.210	0.818
SUB	0.195	0.163	0.833
CLA	0.089	0.226	0.164	0.827
CON	0.146	0.222	0.146	0.453	0.819
CRE	0.113	0.155	0.061	0.431	0.499	0.828
INT	0.387	0.384	0.430	0.286	0.307	0.253	0.852

ATT: attitude; PBC: perceived behavior control; SUB: subjective norm; CLA: clarity; CON: consistency; CRE: credibility; INT: intention

Inter-construct correlations are presented in the lower matrix triangle;

AVE square roots are depicted in bold on the diagonal.

Figure 1. Research model