Why externalize failure? Social goals, engagement and self-handicapping in the concern of eastern cultural community

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and relationships between research variables

	BSH	SRH	EEN	BEN	SDevGs	SDApGs	SDAvGs
Behavioral self-handicapping (BSH)	1.000
Self-reported handicapping (SRH)	0.005	1.000
Emotional Engagement (EEN)	−0.124**	0.541**	1.000
Bahavioral Engagement (BEN)	−0.462**	0.114**	0.264**	1.000
Social Development Goals (SDevGs)	0.027	0.661**	0.607**	0.105**	1.000
Social Demonstration-approach Goals (SDApGs)	0.203**	−0.044	0.024	−0.268**	0.004*	1.000
Social Demonstration-avoid Goals (SDAvGs)	0.110**	0.360**	0.365**	−0.030	0.413**	0.237**	1.000
Mean	2.867	4.184	4.038	3.423	4.154	2.698	3.727
Standard Deviation	0.618	0.644	0.673	0.714	0.669	0.734	0.785
Cronbachs’ Alpha (α)	0.724	0.658	0.903	0.866	0.905	0.795	0.857

**p < 0.01

*p < 0.05

Table 2. Results of testing gender differences

	Gender	n	Mean	Standard Deviation	F	Sign.
Behavioral self-handicapping	Males	336	2.8168	0.6341	0.311	0.577
	Females	568	2.7920	0.6087
Self-reported handicapping	Males	336	4.2202	0.6276	0.819	0.366
	Females	568	4.1620	0.6534
Emotional Engagement	Males	336	4.0866	0.6744	0.425	0.515
	Females	568	4.0086	0.6716
Behavioral Engagement	Males	336	3.4071	0.7543	1.146	0.285
	Females	568	3.4317	0.6890
Social Development Goals	Males	336	4.2146	0.6630	0.199	0.656
	Females	568	4.1188	0.6706
Social Demonstration-approach Goals	Males	336	2.8447	0.8147	0.068	0.795
	Females	568	2.6112	0.7546
Social Demonstration-avoid Goals	Males	336	3.7656	0.7336	0.101	0.751
	Females	568	3.7038	0.7347

Table 3. Test results of relationship model, academic engagement as mediator

	β	Critical Ratio
Social Development Goals → Emotional Engagement	0.605**	17.632
Social Development Goals → Behavioral Engagement	−0.049	−0.943
Social Development Goals → Self-reported Handicapping	0.654**	15.463
Social Demonstration-approach Goals → Emotional Engagement	−0.085**	−2.714
Social Demonstration-approach Goals → Behavioral Engagement	−0.315**	−8.280
Social Demonstration-avoidance Goals → Emotional Engagement	0.144**	4.010
Social Demonstration-avoidance Goals → Behavioral Engagement	−0.094**	−2.184
Emotional Engagement → Behavioral Self-handicapping	0.024	0.544
Emotional Engagement → Self-reported Handicapping	0.262**	5.812
Behavioral Engagement → Behavioral Self-handicapping	−0.601**	−13.297
Behavioral Engagement → Self-reported Handicapping	0.024	0.750
Emotional Engagement → Behavioral Engagement	0.417**	8.276
χ2 = 43.235 DF = 6 P = 0.000 GFI = 0.987 AGFI = 0.938 CFI = 0.978 NFI = 0.974 IFI = 0.978 TLI = 0.922

Table 4. Test results of relationship model, self-handicapping as mediator

	β	Critical Ratio
Social Development Goals → Self-reported Handicapping	0.811**	24.437
Social Development Goals → Behavioral Self-handicapping	−0.030	−0.587
Social Demonstration-avoid Goals → Self-reported Handicapping	0.127**	3.849
Social Demonstration-avoid Goals → Behavioral Self-handicapping	0.105**	2.001
Social Demonstration-approach Goals → Self-reported Handicapping	−0.116**	−4.024
Social Demonstration-approach Goals → Behavioral Self-handicapping	0.188**	3.933
Self-reported Handicapping → Emotional Engagement	0.759**	23.907
Self-reported Handicapping → Behavioral Engagement	0.244**	7.083
Behavioral Self-handicapping → Emotional Engagement	−0.227**	−6.982
Behavioral Self-handicapping → Behavioral Engagement	0.558**	−12.858
Social Demonstration-approach Goals → Behavioral Engagement	−0.215**	−5.886
χ2 = 38.082 DF = 7 P = 0.000 GFI = 0.987 AGFI = 0.950 CFI = 0.981 NFI = 0.977 IFI = 0.982 TLI = 0.944