Resilience process in Bidikmisi students: understanding risk, protective and promotive factor, and resilient outcome

Figures & data

Table 1. In-depth interview guideline

Probing for Previous Phase	Resilience Related Experience
Why did you perceive XXX as a success?	From this past year, tell me about your most successful experience! (Probing) How can you be successful? What are the challenges which arise during the process?
Could you describe what you mean about YYY? (previous answers from online survey)	From this past year, do you have failure experience(s)? (Probing if YES) Could you tell me more about this experience? What happens? (Probing if NO) From your perspective, what helps you to avoid failure?

Table 2. Demographic Data (n1 = 178; n2 = 16)

Variable	Phase 1 (n)	Phase 2 (n)
Gender
Male	61	5
Female	117	11
Ethnic
Java	37	3
Sunda	101	10
Java-Sunda	22	-
Batak	5	-
Others	13	3
Father’s Job
Laborer	52	-
Farmer	15	1
Entrepreneur	30	3
Unemployment	36	3
Merchant	15	4
Mechanic	4	-
Driver	6	1
Others	20	4
Mothers’ Job
Housewife	124	9
Laborer	6	-
Merchant	12	5
Tailor	5	-
Farmer	8	1
Unemployment	11	-
Others	12	1

Table 3. Emerging Categories in Phase 1 & Phase 2

Category	Phase 1 Theme	Phase 2 (Final) Theme
(1) Risk Exposure	Financial Condition Availability of Facilities New Environment Culture shock Homesickness Personal trait Lack of Skill Lack of Motivation Low Physical Endurance	Financial Condition Family Background Social Expectation Social Exclusion Culture Shock Personal Trait Low Physical Endurance
(2) Promotive and Protective Factors and Process (PPFP)
2a. Internal PPFP Systems	Helpful Mindset Self-Regulation Hard work Life Goal	Helpful Mindset Self-Regulation Adaptive Coping Strategy Reflective Thinking Clear Goal & Priority Flexibility Taking Action Reaching Out
2b. External PPFP Systems	Financial & Facility Support Social Support	Social Support Role Model
2c. Considerations	Spirituality	Spirituality Family Value Ethnic Value
(3) Desired Resilient Outcome	The happiness of Significant Other(s) Achieving Life Goal(s) Academic Achievement Academic-Nonacademic Life Balance Acquiring Optimum Skills Quantity & Quality of Relationship Usefulness in Society	Happiness of Others Personal Development Academic Achievement Non-academic Life

Table 4. Risk Exposures in Bidikmisi Students

Theme	Evidence from Phase 1	Evidence from Phase 2
Financial Condition	“ Lack of money; parents don’t always send money so I depend on the pocket money given from Bidikmisi program.” (S5, S23, S97) “My money is limited, meanwhile some tasks spent money, some courses need a book that I have to buy, I confused, how can I manage my financial?.” (S4, S16, S29, S30, many others: 35 responses)	“RS’ brother goes to a private school with a higher tuition fee compared to a public school. Therefore, RS only has the monthly spending from Bidikimisi, since the parents did not send any money. RS needs to tighten the spending on food and reduce some activity.” (RS) “Because of orientation activity, I often left the campus at night. Unfortunately, there was no transportation, forcing me to walk to the dormitory, which was way too far from the campus. Or sometimes I have to call ojek that expensive” (AD)
Family Background	“my father’s income is uncertain sometimes during the dry season his income becomes smaller, he wishes me to help the family income.” (S8) “ I have a family problem that obstructs me from studying.” (S9)	“but losing their father … losing a father figure … It is changing AT’s family life. Since the father was the family head and the main source of income had gone, AT’s mother has to earn a living. When remembering the father, it is difficult for AT to focus on task … ” (AT) “From the beginning, I want to study in university. But my parents worried and hesitate. They did not support me to study in university.” (SD) “because at that time my parents were sick, there were so many families who didn’t support me to go to college. Then the family was also not supportive because, at that time, my parents were sick, my mother was sick, and then my mother died after her divorce from my father. My family said that looking for money is better than going to college.” (EA)
Social Expectation	“my group expects me to be obedience in every group activity even though I have a different opinion” (S26, S47) “they want me to do what they do.” (S4, S11, S53, S67, S99, S114, S134)	“Now, AT feels really ‘heavy’ and tired to attend the class. Every time AT told their friends about their feeling, they keep saying AT is joking. A First ranking student, AT must not feel that. However, it was AT’s true feeling! It makes them more exhausted, the reality is not as expected.” (AT) “There are sometimes demands from people who make you confused, ‘You are like this, but you also have to be like this, aren’t you?’ . Like ‘should be like this and that’, the demands of people like that make me depressed especially in academic life” (SD) “In my faculty, Bidikmisi students are judged based on our appearance. They expected us to have a good appearance because it represents the faculty’s pride.” (EA)
Social Exclusion	“I am sometimes ostracized by my friends because I am Bidikmisi students .” (S23, S27, S36, S40) “ I often left behind by others.” (S14, S20, S110, S111, S115, S121, S130, S131)	“From observation, IL realizes that on their campus has a ‘social stratification’. That organization feels trendy and ‘mighty’; other organizations feel more exclusive. It is difficult to blend in” (IL) “ … they seemed different, the point is that they have a stereotype. They are from the Jabodetabek area, which is already a city, while I’m from the village. It was a little awkward, didn’t relate to what they were talking about.” (DA)
Culture Shock	“here, they use a different language.” (S24 and many others 7 responses) “this culture differences make me homesick.” (S10 and many others 16 responses) “what they do are different from my culture.” (S3, S28, S33, S42)	“AM is shocked! In the campus, everyone smoking everywhere! In AM’s previous environment, smoking is something to avoid … ” (AM) “CT thinks something that would hinder their success is adapting to a new environment with different characteristics and the climate with their place. It might be difficult to communicate with them.” (CT) “GA would miss their family, and always want to go home as often as possible … ” (GA) “I got a culture shock at the new environment, it’s a shock because in the new environment you see women smoking freely.” (DA)
Personal Trait	“I am too lazy to carry out the task.” (S54, S57, S61, and many others 63 responses) “Too shy and difficult to start a conversation and relation.” (S17, S70, and many others 18 responses) “I am not confident in myself. I am no good to compare to regular students” (S3, S11, and many others 23 responses)	“TN feels left behind from other friends because TN is slow, still relying on their friends. Sometimes TN feels alone and not confidence of themselves.” (TN) “I am a prideful person Sometimes it makes me reckless, while other times it makes me stubborn.” (EA) “I don’t like conflict. If there something unexpected happens because of others, I feel insecure but I won’t do anything to resolve the situation with other parties. I am not an assertive person.” (DA)
Low Physical Endurance	“My health and stamina are declining.” (S2 and many others 23 responses)	“I often go to the field as a part of the curriculum. Emotionally, I’m happy. But the problem is my own body. I have a urinary tract infection. So that I can’t be forced, I prone to feel tired, sometimes I have to excuse myself to not attend some activities.” (DA) “ … in 1 week FJ needs to finish 7 reports. Not only that. Also, Bidikmisi students have orientation based on physical activity which is tiring because FJ is not used to it. Sometimes there was no time to sleep at all! And it makes FJ academic track record to fall … ” (FJ) “When GERD recurs, it makes me down all day.” (EA)

Table 5. Protective and Promotive Factors and Process for Bidikmisi Students

Theme	Evidence from Phase 1	Evidence from Phase 2
Helpful Mindset	“I think they must give a big effort in their academic life whatever the conditions are” (S12) “Be optimistic and have a positive mindset.” (S1 and many others 11 responses) “I need to be a confident person.” (S3, S45, S46, S52, S61, S78, S82, S90) “Failure and setbacks are the sources of learning.” (S11, S29)	“Hmm. when SD has a problem, they always think that when they overcome the situation, it would be an inspiring story in the future.” (SD) “I believe that education is important, it’s not only just for finding a better job, but also to build relationships, become aware of what happen in the world, more prepared to face the future, hehe hehe.” (EA) “We don’t know what will happen in the future. It not worth worrying over something that can’t be controlled. Just do anything that we can do now.” (WO)
Self-Regulation	“do the careful planning for every situation.” (S2, S6, S75) “I have good time management skills.” (S21, S22, S30, S40, S41, S43) “Finding an effective learning strategy.” (S15, S17) “managing my effort and emotions.” (S8 and many others 18 responses)	“CT has a gastrition and it is controllable. CT fancies spicy food, though it triggers gastrition. Therefore, every time CT needs to take an exam or an important activity, CT does not eat spicy food.” (CT) “I have to be disciplined. Managing my screen time, especially on lecture days. I limit myself to only opening the whats app that we used for task coordination. After lecture hours, for example, at night, I can access other social media.” (EA)
Adaptive Coping Strategy	“choosing the most effective solution for my problem.” (S83)	“When AT is stressed, they distance themselves from others to make calm down. AT needs their time for a while. After that, they solve that problem with others.” (AT) “Using my experiences from a side job, I can handle conflict peacefully. I try to talk with each side and resolve the situation together. I also success out of financial shortfall using my skill.” (EA)
Reflective Thinking	“I think about what I lack so that I can learn and find another experience.” (S5, S14, S28, S63)	“When IL is dealing with a person with a different characteristic, they think about how the person is. And then IL thinks about themselves and their characteristics. IL looks for what may become a potential problem and how to deal with it.” (IL) “I am looking for the missing piece of the puzzle that can complete myself. I read the book, I contemplate until I find what strength that I have and what should I do to improve.” (DA) “When the situation becomes hectic, I look back to my enrollment process to faculty of medicine. The exploration I have done is the selection process for the scholarship. These flashbacks make me realize my own capacity, and make me very grateful for my life.” (WO)
Clear Goal & Priority	“I know very well why I have to study in university.” (S36) “My priority is academic life, then family.” (S24, S28, S47) “I want my parent to have a hajj/ umrah” (S65)	“FJ knows what to do after graduation. FJ would have a master’s degree with a scholarship.” (FJ) “After the graduate, I will build a farm business. I don’t want to work as an employer anymore. I save the money and choose the student activity that will help me to open the business.” (EA)
Flexibility	“I need to adapt and adjust with my surrounding/ new environment. ” (S17 and many others 22 responses)	“RS’ financial condition is already fixed, especially when the monthly spending comes late. RS adjust the meal and make sure that it’s enough to continue their activity.” (RS) “Every lecturer has their own characteristics. I adjust my strategy considering the task and lecturer characteristics/” (DA)
Taking Action	“do hard work in everything I planned. ” (S16, S22, S72) “Do the task well, as soon as possible.” (S105, S110)	“Whatever FN’s conditions, whether good or bad, they do the task in small steps.” (FN) “There was a time when my handphone broke so that I cannot attend the lecture all day. I’m not just idle. I immediately contact the assistant, explain my situation and ask him/her to arrange a supplementary class for me. And it works.” (EA) “When the others demand the faculty management to explain our future and worry how their future after graduation, I choose to do a little thing that I can do now. For now, I prepare myself for thesis defense.” (WO)
Reaching Out	“Find a friend to exchange information and thoughts.” (S99) “Find an organization that will help me to survive.” (S57) “Looking for financial aid from the university and/ faculty.” (S23)	“ZK is usually looking for help. For instance, there was a course module that they lacked the money to buy. Therefore, ZK asked the lecturer whether it was okay to not buy the module. The lecture stated it was okay, though ZK must keep up with the learning. Therefore, ZK asked their seniors for their module.” (ZK) “I want to find my strengths. Usually I ask my friends who have good achievements. I ask them how they can be so good. From them, sometimes I got good advice.” (DA)
Social Support	“peer support helps me to success.” (S27 and many others 16 responses” “support from others such as lecturer, student community.” (S11, S12, S20, S53, S120) “my family support gives me power.” (S2 and many others 24 responses)	“Thank God! I meet a good friend with the same ‘frequency’. We are from Bidikmisi and stay in the same dormitory. They help me in the course, working together to understand the material.” (AF) “I was helped by Bidikmisi student community during first-year of university. It inspires me to join and become the part of this community organizer next year.” (IL) “There is a lecturer who is always active, advising us that you have to develop yourself, you have to start being independent, you have to start innovations, for example, you don’t have to be asked to take part in research or PKM. They push us to grow. From the side of my friends, my friends are diligent, my friends are very fast when it comes to assignments or looking for materials, so I am motivated to finish my task.” (DA) “I have a boyfriend. When I’m down and have a difficult time, he listens to me and supports me unconditionally. It helps me to regulate my emotion.” (EA)
Role Model	“good senior” (S34. S39)	“ … maybe because CT’s sisters are diligent. CT look at them and follows what they do because they show CT how to learn”. (CT) “One of the idol group, because they used to be from a small agency, and then they feel like they are being underestimated by the people around them, just like other companies are also being underestimated. But now they can be worldwide, so international, so that’s cool in my opinion, they help me to strive. “ (SD) “Yes, thank God, I think my organization members are very supportive. They are cool people, very enthusiastic, so I was encouraged to do my best, they can do that, so do I.” (DA)
Spirituality	“Believe in God’s will .” (S8 and many others 35 responses) “Pray to god and parents pray will give us many ways. “ (S3 and many others 23 responses)	“When FD is close to Allah (Islam’s God), it makes the process easy. And it’s okay when FD is tested by Allah because it shows that Allah loves FD and wants them to level up.” (FD) “Ikhlas, then I have to ikhlas (sincere). the important thing is that do Ikhtiar: I’ve tried my best. If we have reached the maximum effort and we are not accepted, then it means that it is not my rezeki (sustenance). Allah will give us the best rezeki so I need to do everything start from ibadah and plan a learning strategy.” (EA)
Family Value	“My father/mother/family member told us to be a helpful person.” (S16 and many others 29 responses)	“My mother always told us not to always look up but to look down too. I am lucky enough, but they’re still others who are unlucky.” (AF) “My parents from the beginning until now said that if I want anything, I must do it myself. it’s ringing in my ear until now, if for example, if I want to go to college, so you’ve got to do it yourself.” (SD) “My mother told me to always mind my manner, especially in the outside home. Be respectful for others, be polite, and what I do is my own responsibility.” (EA) “My father told me that life is ‘give and take’. If there was someone who give you something, it also means that you have to give back something to them. So does this scholarship. I have many privileges, it’s only natural for them to have high demand, especially after graduation. I need to anticipate the demands before deciding.” (WO)
Ethnic Value	-	“JY’s life also follows Sundanese philosophy: ‘Tata Titi Duduga Peryoga’: Live well with people (ant), harmonious (centipede), rigorous (squirrel), and tough (buffalo).” (JY) “I am from Javanese family, they have proverb ‘Lembah manah bener’, teach me to be always humble. It helps me to adjust.” (DA) “I am Sundanese people. We are a gentle person. So we value harmonious life.” (EA)

Table 6. Desired Resilient Outcome in Bidikmisi Students

Theme	Evidence from Phase 1	Evidence from Phase 2
Happiness of Others	“use my knowledge to help others in need; doing good for society.” (S1, S8, S9, S13, S20, S33, S45, and many others: 60 responses) “to make my parents happy and proud” (S10, S28, S32, S47, S56, S61, and many others: 22 responses)	“SD wants to build a business for the people in the SD’s village for them to have no difficulty because of living far from the city.” (SD) “I want to be a researcher, find something that useful and helpful for others.” (DA)
Personal Development	“Success is when S2 achieves what they plan at the beginning of university life.” (S2) “I feel successful when having many friends and connections and do not trouble others.” (S7, S79, S91, S94) “Complete all targets well and produce satisfactory results, achieve what we want and dream about” (S26, S27, S28, S34, S66, S67, and many others: 18 responses) “succeed in balancing academic and -non-academician life” (S6, S13, S14, S29, S34, S44, S49, S50, and many others: 28 responses) “Become a strong person who can manage the failure and challenge.” (S7, S13, S24, S31, S69) “I want to develop my talent and interest.” (S125, S130)	“It was a big achievement for RS to overcome shyness through hard control. Also, RS is brave enough to start the conversation.” (RS) “In my opinion, success is when we can accept ourselves. Beside that, I can control my finance, emotion, and mental well. Encouraging myself to give a positive aura to other people.” (EA) “Back to each individual, what achievement you want to achieve in life, what kind of person you want to be in the future. Because everyone’s goals when deciding to enter college are different. And I want to improve myself” (FJ)
Academic Achievement	“ I attained a high GPA, more than 3, and graduated on time.” (S1, S4, S6, S22, S37, S38, S40, S42, and many others: 65 responses) “Understand and master all the learning material.” (S53, S85) “Chosen as student exchange delegation.” (S62) “Have a student research grant and product, chosen as a research assistant.” (S100, S117, S133)	“I intend to take Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa (PKM) from DIKTI. Every year, I submit a proposal to my team. The lecturers already know about my motivation for this PKM. I want my proposal to pass the selection process and be funded by the government.” (EA)
Non-academic Life	“Become a significant person in students body organization.” (S55 and many others 13 responses) “Actively participate in campus life/ extracurricular activity/ event organizer (S13, S17, S22, S34, S35, S36, S41) “Achieve something with students organization or extracurricular activity” (S11, S26)	“IL’s target is becoming a member of the Student Executive Committee and the division that helps another Bidikmisi student.” (IL) “Success is when I have a sustainable job not long after graduation.” (WO)

Figure 1. The resilience process for Bidikmisi student based on socioecological frameword