Dual vocational education and training and policy transfer in the European Union policy: the case of work-based learning and apprenticeships

Figures & data

Figure 1. Work-based learning and vocational education as set theory.

Note. From Grollmann (2018). Varieties of “Duality”: Work-Based Learning and Vocational Education in International Comparative Research. In S. Choy & W. Gun-Britt (Eds.), Integration of Vocational Education and Training Experiences Purposes, Practices and Principles (Vol. 29, p. 69).

Figure 2. Policy Borrowing in Education: Composite Processes.

Note. From Phillips and Ochs (2003). Processes of Policy Borrowing in Education: Some explanatory and analytical devices. Comparative Education, 39(4), 452.

Table

Author	Year	Title
Council of the European Union	2009	Council conclusions of 12 May 2009 on a strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training
Council of the European Union	2013	European Alliance for Apprenticeship Council Declaration
Council of the European Union	2014	Council conclusions of 20 May 2014 on quality assurance supporting education and training
Council of the European Union	2018	Council Decision (EU) of 16 July 2018 on guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States
Council of the European Union	2018	Council Recommendation of 15 March 2018 on a European Framework for Quality and Effective Apprenticeships
Council of the European Union	2020	Council Recommendation of 24 November 2020 on vocational education and training (VET) for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness and resilience
Council of the European Union	2021	Council Resolution on a strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training towards the European Education Area and beyond (2021–2030)
Council of the European Union, & Representatives of the Governments of the Member States	2006	Conclusions of the Council and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, on the future priorities for enhanced European cooperation on Vocational Education and Training (VET)
Council of the European Union, & Representatives of the Governments of the Member States	2009	Conclusions of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, on the future priorities for enhanced European cooperation in vocational education and training (VET)
Council of the European Union, & Representatives of the Governments of the Member States	2010	Conclusions of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, on the priorities for enhanced European cooperation in vocational education and training for the period 2011–2020
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion	2012	Apprenticeship supply in the Member States of the European Union.
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion	2013	Apprenticeship and Traineeship Schemes in EU27: Key Success Factors. A Guidebook for Policy Planners and Practitioners
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion	2020	The renewed European Alliance for Apprenticeships Action plan 2020–2021.
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion	2020	The renewed European Alliance for Apprenticeships: Key Objectives
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, & ET 2020 Working Group	2016	High-performance apprenticeships & work-based learning: 20 guiding principles
Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, & European Parliament	2014	Dual education: A bridge over troubled waters?
European Commission	2010	Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A new impetus for European cooperation in Vocational Education and Training to support Europe 2020 strategy
European Commission	2012	Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, The Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Rethinking Education: Investing in skills for better socio-economic outcomes
European Commission	2016	Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A new skills Agenda for Europe. Working together to strengthen human capital, employability and competitiveness
European Commission	2020	Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. European Skills Agenda for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness and resilience
European Commission	2020	Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank. Annual Sustainable Growth Strategy 2021
European Commission	2021	Commission Recommendation (EU) of 4 March 2021 on an effective active support to employment following the COVID-19 crisis
European Commission, European Social Partners, & Lithuanian Presidency of the Council of the EU	2013	Declaration of the European Social Partners, the European Commission and the Lithuanian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. European Alliance for Apprenticeships
European Ministers for Vocational Education and Training, European Social Partners, & European Commission	2002	Declaration of the European Ministers of Vocational Education and Training, and the European Commission, Convened in Copenhagen on 29 and 30 November 2002, on Enhanced European Cooperation in Vocational Education and Training. “The Copenhagen Declaration.”
European Ministers for Vocational Education and Training, European Social Partners, & European Commission	2006	The Helsinki Communiqué on Enhanced European Cooperation in Vocational Education and Training
European Ministers for Vocational Education and Training, European Social Partners & European Commission,	2010	The Bruges Communiqué on enhanced European Cooperation in Vocational Education and Training for the period 2011–202
European Ministers for Vocational Education and Training, European Social Partners, & European Commission	2015	Riga Conclusions on a new set of medium-term deliverables in the field of vet for the period 2015–2020, as a result of the review of short-term deliverables defined in the 2010 Bruges Communiqué
European Ministers for Vocational Education and Training, European Social Partners, & European Commission	2020	Osnabrück Declaration on vocational education and training as an enabler of recovery and just transitions to digital and green economies
European Parliament	2010	European Parliament resolution of 6 July 2010 on promoting youth access to the labour market, strengthening trainee, internship and apprenticeship status
European Parliament	2011	European Parliament resolution of 8 June 2011 on European cooperation in vocational education and training to support the Europe 2020 strategy
European Parliament	2013	European Parliament resolution of 22 October 2013 on Rethinking Education
European Parliament	2014	European Parliament resolution of 17 July 2014 on Youth Employment
European Parliament	2016	European Parliament resolution of 19 January 2016 on skills policies for fighting youth unemployment
European Parliament	2017	European Parliament resolution of 14 September 2017 on a new skills agenda for Europe

Grollmann, P. (2018). Varieties of «Duality»: Work-based learning and vocational education in international comparative research. In E. S. Choy & W. Gun-Britt (Eds.), Integration of vocational education and training experiences purposes, practices and principles (Vol. 29, pp. 63–82). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8857-5_4

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Phillips, D., & Ochs, K. (2003). Processes of policy borrowing in education: Some explanatory and analytical devices. Comparative Education, 39(4), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006032000162020

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