The new teacher and discipline factors

Figures & data

Figure 1. The matrix concept of Q-methodology of respondents

Table 1. Factor composite reliability

Factor Characteristics
	Factor 1	Factor 2
No. of Defining Variables	31	13
Avg. Rel. Coef.	0.8	0.8
Composite Reliability	0.992	0.981
S.E. of Factor Z-scores	0.089	0.138

Table 2. Factor Q-sort values for statements sorted by consensus vs. disagreement

Factor Q-sort Values for Statements sorted by Consensus vs. Disagreement
Nm	Statement	Factor 1	Factor 2	Z-score variance
6	The teacher sets the class rules together with the students and these rules are then followed and understood by everyone.	4	4	0
17	The teacher should be empathetic and aware of the mental condition of the students.	3	3	0
37	The teacher should be creative and able to organise lessons well and in an interesting way for the students.	0	0	0
13	Students are influenced by their family environment and learned behavioural patterns.	4	3	0.001
15	The social environment has an impact on discipline.	−1	−1	0.002
49	If a student disrupts the class, the teacher should reprimand that student by name.	−3	−4	0.002
51	Strictness is associated with respect—teachers who are too friendly often lose respect.	−4	−5	0.002
5	The teacher’s natural authority is closely linked to the teacher’s overall personality and self-reflection.	4	5	0.003
11	Discipline is influenced not only by the teacher but by the overall atmosphere in the classroom and the group of students.	3	3	0.003
40	The teacher should be able to admit their mistakes.	0	0	0.003
2	The teacher must be able to create an atmosphere in the classroom in which the students enjoy working.	6	6	0.006
3	The teacher should take the needs of individual students into account.	3	3	0.006
30	The teacher maintains discipline and safety in the classroom through appropriate verbal instructions.	−1	−2	0.006
7	The unruly behaviour of some students is associated with the need to draw attention to themselves.	3	2	0.007
12	The teacher should not shout at children to resolve a conflict.	2	2	0.007
45	The teacher should have the necessary pedagogical knowledge and skills.	−1	0	0.007
10	The teacher should have at least a basic understanding of child psychology.	5	4	0.011
47	The teacher should understand why a particular student acts in an undisciplined manner.	−2	−2	0.011
35	Teachers should continue to educate themselves throughout their careers.	−1	−2	0.014
39	The teacher must continually grow and develop their skills.	−1	−3	0.014
20	If a student shows undisciplined behaviour and is not punished, it will affect the behaviour of other students.	2	2	0.022
33	The teacher must be able to respond appropriately to a particular situation.	0	−2	0.025
16	Friends and surroundings have a great influence on the student’s behaviour.	1	1	0.026
41	Age affects the teacher’s authority.	−6	−6	0.03
8	The teacher creates a positive atmosphere in the classroom through mutual cooperation with the students.	5	5	0.032
44	In order to get to know the students, teachers should get to know themselves first.	−2	−4	0.044
19	The environment of the classroom plays an important role in maintaining discipline.	0	1	0.049
38	The teacher should be capable of self-reflection and be open to feedback from students.	0	−1	0.049
43	Children share more with communicative teachers.	−3	−4	0.051
9	If the students find out that a teacher is not strict enough, they will quickly take advantage of this.	4	2	0.066
53	When assigning tasks, the teacher always clearly states the goal and how to achieve it.	−2	−4	0.066
42	The teacher gains authority through model behaviour.	−1	0	0.067
23	The teacher should also follow the school regulations and set an example for the students.	1	0	0.072
27	If the teacher gives a verbal instruction, they must insist that it is followed.	0	−1	0.072
4	The teacher should not get carried away by their emotions.	1	−1	0.082
18	The teacher must motivate students and punish them fairly for violating discipline.	2	1	0.086
34	The teacher should be capable of self-control.	1	0	0.089
29	If school regulations are breached, it is necessary to make sure that the student understands the nature of such an offence.	0	−3	0.098
31	Not all teachers have the pedagogical skills to maintain their authority in the classroom.	−1	−3	0.104
1	The teacher must strive to make sure that the students have good relationships with each other.	2	4	0.106
48	Thoughtful and planned teaching influences classroom discipline.	−2	0	0.106
55	The teacher’s authority should not be enforced through punishment.	−2	−5	0.121
25	The student must know the consequences of not following instructions or prohibitions.	2	1	0.123
46	Motivation is always based on rewards and punishment.	−5	−5	0.123
52	It is necessary to find the ideal line between strictness and kindness.	−3	−1	0.134
28	School regulations are mandatory for the students, and the teacher must not overlook any offences.	1	−2	0.194
14	Lack of sleep causes irritability, inattention and a lack of focus in both the teacher and students.	1	−2	0.271
54	The teacher’s strictness should be based on fairness and consistency.	−3	0	0.282
32	Teachers’ authority should not be achieved by force.	0	−3	0.331
24	The teacher should make sure that students understand the instructions.	1	−3	0.345
26	School regulations are common rules, i.e. boundaries respected by students and teachers alike.	2	−1	0.403
22	All students must be acquainted with the school regulations and follow them.	5	1	0.58
21	Verbal instructions should be clear, understandable and unambiguous.	3	−1	0.654
60	The teacher builds authority with students by respecting their own profession.	−4	1	0.721
56	Explicit commands, prohibitions and references to school regulations should be used as seldom as possible in maintaining discipline.	−5	1	0.752
58	The teacher should take the student’s personality into account when resolving disciplinary issues.	−4	2	0.979
59	If the teacher is fair, the students are able to respect the teacher’s strictness.	−3	4	1.15
57	Maintaining discipline in the classroom is very challenging for a new teacher.	−5	2	1.192
50	The teacher should be both strict and friendly.	−4	3	1.337
36	The teacher should be assertive, fair and strict, have a sense of humour and act confidently.	−2	5	2.133

Table 3. Factor vector analysis 1

Table 4. Factor vector analysis 2