Factors affecting the adoption and use of online assessment for learning at Polytechnics in Zimbabwe

Figures & data

Figure 1. Integrated TOE-TAM framework for adoption and usage of online assessment for learning

Figure 1 Alt text: The diagram shows an integrated TOE and TAM to provide a comprehensive theoretical lens for understanding the adoption behaviours of organisations and individuals.

Note: Modified from Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990)

Table 1. Template for coding qualitative data

Code names	Description
Technology	Statements that provide a description of the internet, devices, and other ICT infrastructure
Organisation	Statements with describe organisational capabilities to adopt online assessment
Environment	Statements that describe the online assessment environment
Individual	Statements that describe user perceptions and digital skills

Note: Adapted from Eze et al. (2020a)

Table 2. Codes, themes and supporting cases from students and lecturers

Code	Themes	Total supporting cases
Technology	Internet access	S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, L1, L2, L3, L5	12/15
	ICT infrastructure	S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,L1,L2,L3,L4,L5	11/15
	Computing devices	S1,S2,S3,S4,L1, L2, L4, L5	8/15
Organisation	Institutional support	S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S8,S9,S10,L1,L2,L3,L4,L5	13/15
Environment	Academic integrity	S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7,S8,S9,S10,L1,L2,L4,L5	14/15
Individuals	User perceptions	S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7,S8,S9,S10,L1,L2,L4,L5	14/15
	Digital skills	S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7,S8,S10,L1,L2,L3,L4,L5	13/15

Note: Adapted from Eze et al. (2020a)

Table 3. Measures taken to ensure the quality of the findings

Criteria	Guiding strategy	Action mechanism
Validity (credibility & transferability	Participants’ experiences and perceptions are reflected in the data collection process.	Probing questions were used by the researcher to encourage participants to provide more information.
	The data collection technique should not alter the participants’ original perceptions or beliefs	Participants were invited to communicate their thoughts and ideas in their own words and experiences during the interview.
Reliability (Dependability)	A uniform and taxonomic line of questions is used in the data gathering process.	During the interview sessions, the researchers employed semi-structured interview guides, which allowed the interviewer to follow a set of questions.
Objectivity (confirmability)	The conclusions of the study should reflect the opinions of the participants.	A few participants were asked to check if there were any biases in the study’s conclusions.

Note: Adapted from Mahlangu (2020)

Figure 2. Extended TOE framework for online assessment adoption and usage

Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. (1990). Innovation As a Process. Lexington Books, 23, 1. https://doi.org/10.7251/emc2201237t

 Google Scholar