Virtual classrooms engagement among Jordanian EFL students during the pandemic of COVID-19 period

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants

Variables		Frequency	Percentage	Mean	SD
Gender	Male	323	53.7%	3.37	0.52
	Female	279	46.3%	3.16	0.79
University level	Freshmen	178	29.6%	3.24	0.66
	Sophomore	139	23.1%	3.08	0.73
	Junior	159	26.4%	3.53	0.51
	Senior	126	20.9%	3.22	0.68

Table 2. Cronbach’s Alpha

Factors	No. of items	Cronbach’s Alpha (α)
Skills Engagement	9	0.835
Emotional Engagement	5	0.721
Participation Engagment	6	0.773
Performance Engagement	3	0.624
Total	23	0.922

Table 3. Item correlation coefficients values

Item No	Correlation Coefficient	Item No	Correlation Coefficient	Item No	Correlation Coefficient	Item No	Correlation Coefficient
1	.597**	7	.613**	13	.641**	19	.589**
2	.597**	8	.647**	14	.595**	20	.602**
3	.638**	9	.631**	15	.553**	21	.574**
4	.571**	10	.654**	16	.659**	22	.536**
5	.630**	11	.653**	17	.623**	23	.570**
6	.619**	12	.646**	18	.542**

Table 4. Descriptive analysis for the students’ skills engagement

No.	Arrangement	Items	Mean	SD	Engagement Level	Rank
2	5	Coming to class every day or logging on to the class webpage regularly	3.41	1.14	high	1
5	13	Putting forth effort	3.38	1.05	moderate	2
1	4	Doing all the homework problems	3.35	1.06	moderate	3
3	9	Taking good notes in class	3.34	1.09	moderate	4
4	10	Looking over class notes between classes to make sure I understand the material	3.31	1.09	moderate	5
6	14	Being organised	3.28	1.11	moderate	6
7	17	Staying up on the readings	3.11	1.10	moderate	7
8	20	Making sure to study on a regular basis	3.08	1.09	moderate	8
9	23	Listening carefully in class or carefully reading online course discussion posts	3.06	1.08	moderate	9
Skills engagement			3.26	0.72	moderate

Table 5. Descriptive analysis for the students’ emotional engagement

No.	Arrangement	Items	Mean	SD	Engagement Level	Rank
3	11	Really desiring to learn the material	3.30	1.05	moderate	1
2	8	Finding ways to make the course interesting to me	3.24	1.08	moderate	2
1	7	Thinking about the course between class meetings	3.20	1.11	moderate	3
4	21	Finding ways to make the course material relevant to my life	3.01	1.12	moderate	4
5	22	Applying course material to my life	2.97	1.14	moderate	5
Emotional Engagement			3.14	0.76	moderate

Table 6. Descriptive analysis for the students’ participation/interaction engagement

No.	Arrangement	Items	Mean	SD	Engagement Level	Rank
6	19	Helping fellow students	3.53	1.11	high	1
5	18	Having fun in class	3.39	1.10	moderate	2
2	2	Participating actively in small group or discussion board discussions	3.33	1.08	moderate	3
1	1	Raising my hand or answering questions in class	3.26	1.10	moderate	4
3	3	Asking questions when I don’t understand the instructor	3.26	1.17	moderate	5
4	6	Going to the professor’s office hours or contacting him/her to review assignments or tests, or to ask questions	3.18	1.15	moderate	6
Participant/interaction engagement			3.33	0.77	moderate

Table 7. Descriptive analysis for the students’ performance engagement

No.	Arrangement	Items	Mean	SD	Engagement Level	Rank
2	15	Getting a good grade	3.53	1.02	high	1
3	16	Doing well on the tests	3.44	1.05	high	2
1	12	Being confident that I can learn and do well in the class	3.36	1.09	moderate	3
Performance Engagement			3.44	0.79	high

Table 8. Descriptive analysis for the students’ engagement factors

Factors	No. of items	Mean	SD	Engagement Level	Rank
Performance Engagement	3	3.44	0.79	high	1
Participant Engagment	6	3.33	0.77	moderate	2
Skills Engagement	9	3.26	0.72	moderate	3
Emotional Engagement	5	3.14	0.76	moderate	4
Total	23	3.28	0.67	moderate	-

Figure 1. Descriptive Analysis of Students’ Feelings about their Virtual Learning Experience

The feelings of EFL students about their virtual learning experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, divided into four categories: very satisfied, satisfied, not satisfied, and somewhat satisfied, which is reported as the highest category.

Table 9. The Anova analysis of the study variables

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Gender	3.459	1	3.459	8.374	.004*
University level	12.967	3	4.322	10.464	.000*
Error	246.619	597	.413
Total	6723.074	602
Corrected Total	266.148	601

*Significant

Table 10. Multiple comparisons—least significant differences

University level	Mean	Senior	Junior	Sophomore	Freshmen
Freshmen	3.24	.0149	−.2940-*	.1525*	-
Sophomore	3.08	−.1376	−.4465-*	-	−.1525*
Junior	3.53	.3088*	-	.4465*	.2940*
Senior	3.22	-	−.3088*	.1376	−.0149