IFRS integration into accounting education: Academics’ perspective: Evidence form Yemeni universities

Figures & data

Table 1. Participants’ demographic information

Panel B: Gender	No	%
Male	115	96.6
Female	4	3.4
Total	119	100.0
Panel C: Age	No	%
30–39 Year	46	38.7
40–49 Year	57	47.9
More than 49 Year	16	13.4
Total	119	100.0
Panel D: Qualification	No	%
Bachelor	20	16.8
Master	42	35.3
Ph.D.	57	47.9
Total	119	100.0
Panel E: Experience Years	No	%
1–5 Year	28	23.5
6–10 Year	34	28.6
11–15 Year	25	21.0
16–20 Year`	22	18.5
More than 20 Year	10	8.4
Total	119	100.0
Panel F: Practical Experience (IFRS) Teaching	No	%
No	21	17.6
Yes	98	82.4
Total	119	100.0
Panel G: Practical Experience (IFRS) Practice	No	%
No	39	32.8
Yes	80	67.2
Total	119	100.0
Panel H: Professional Certificate	No	%
Other	56	47.1
Accountant	7	5.9
YCPA	44	37.0
CMA	2	1.7
YCPA, CMA	2	1.7
ACCA	8	6.7
Total	119	100.0

Notes: This table shows the demographic information of the participants.

Table 2. Statistics of descriptive

Constructs		Mean	Std. Deviation
Activities done by academicians	AC1	2.97	.961
	AC3	3.05	.937
	AC4	3.82	.870
		3.16	0.94
Academicians Readiness	R2	4.02	.582
	R3	4.02	.651
	R4	3.75	.794
	R5	4.01	.657
	R6	4.04	.616
		3.99	0.60
IFRS Integration	IES1	3.83	.705
	IES2	3.05	.675
	IES3	3.78	.691
	IES4	3.13	.823
	IES5	3.22	.738
	IES6	3.05	.723
		3.18	0.67
Course Type	CT2	3.11	.871
	CT3	3.21	.832
	CT4	3.18	.799
		3.20	0.81
Faculty members Preparation	FP1	3.90	.718
	FP2	3.93	.800
		3.92	0.70
Stakeholder Support	SS1	3.25	.904
	SS2	3.18	.945
	SS3	3.88	.875
	SS4	3.78	.894
	SS5	3.79	.891
	SS6	3.11	1.048
	SS7	4.02	.863
	SS8	3.24	.920
		3.55	0.86

Figure 1. Measurement model (Low order construct), SS= Stakeholder Support, AC= Activities done by academicians, R= Academicians Readiness, CT= Course Type, FP= Faculty members preparation, IES= IFRS Integration.

Table 3. Reliability and convergent validity analysis

Construct	Indicators	Loading	Cronbach’s Alpha	CR^a	AVE^b
Activities done by academicians	AC1	0.845	0.804	0.876	0.702
	AC3	0.756
	AC4	0.907
Course Type	CT2	0.930	0.944	0.964	0.899
	CT3	0.973
	CT4	0.941
Faculty members Preparation	FP1	0.962	0.811	0.906	0.829
	FP2	0.855
IFRS Integration	IES1	0.703	0.871	0.903	0.608
	IES2	0.803
	IES3	0.753
	IES4	0.836
	IES5	0.835
	IES6	0.739
Readiness of Academicians	R2	0.920	0.928	0.946	0.778
	R3	0.909
	R4	0.787
	R5	0.916
	R6	0.870
Stockholders Support	SS1	0.875	0.944	0.953	0.720
	SS2	0.828
	SS3	0.913
	SS4	0.812
	SS5	0.898
	SS6	0.793
	SS7	0.869
	SS8	0.789

Note: CR = Composite Reliability and AVE = Average Variance Extracted.

Table 4. Correlations of discriminant validity

Constructs	Academicians Readiness	Activities done by Academicians	Course Type	Faculty members Preparation	IFRS Integration	Stakeholders Support
Academicians Readiness	0.882
Activities done by Academicians	0.049	0.838
Course Type	0.561	0.002	.948
Faculty members Preparation	0.314	0.252	.409	.910
IFRS Integration	0.421	0.276	.254	.185	0.780
Stakeholders Support	0.368	0.297	.208	.140	0.192	.848

Notes: bold and Italics represent the Square-root of AVE

Figure 2. Structural Model - Hypotheses Testing Results, SS= Stakeholder Support, AC= Activities done by academicians, R= Academicians Readiness, CT= Course Type, FP= Faculty members Preparation, IES= IFRS Integration..

Table 5. Discriminant validity—HTMT

Constructs	Academicians Readiness	Activities done by Academicians	Course Type	Faculty members Preparation	IFRS Integration	Stakeholders Support
Academicians Readiness
Activities done by Academicians	0.165
Course Type	0.598	0.054
Faculty members Preparation	0.343	0.232	.457
IFRS Integration	0.448	0.281	.261	.212
Stakeholders Support	0.384	0.309	.216	.135	0.216

Table 6. Higher order construct validity

HOCs	LOCs	Redundancy Analysis	Outer Weight	T Statistics	P Values	Outer Loading	VIF
Awareness of Academicians	Academicians Readiness	0.824	0.900	9.259	0.000	0.920	1.002
	Activities done by Academicians		0.393	2.047	0.041	0.437	1.002
Academic Plans	Course Type	0.967	0.775	2.514	0.012	0.935	1.200
	Faculty member Preparation		0.390	1.090	0.276	0.706	1.200

Table 7. Structural model – hypotheses testing

NO	Hypothesis	β	SE	T	P	Results	Confidence Interval
							2.50%	97.50%
H1	Awareness of Academic -> IFRS Integration	0.515	0.239	2.159	0.031*	Supported	−0.106	0.843
H2	Awareness of Academic -> Academicians Plan	0.557	0.108	5.141	0.000*	Supported	0.383	0.797
H3	Academicians Plan -> IFRS Integration	−0.013	0.182	0.073	0.942	Not Supported	−0.317	0.405
H4	Stakeholders Support -> Academicians Plan	−0.034	0.129	0.259	0.795	Not Supported	−0.323	0.187
H5	Stakeholders Support -> Awareness of Academicians	0.449	0.170	2.638	0.008**	Supported	0.061	0.727
H6	Stakeholders Support -> IFRS Integration	−0.035	0.194	0.180	0.857	Not Supported	−0.368	0.39

Notes: B =Beta Coefficient, SE = Standard Error, T= t-Statistics, P= Probability (P) value, * Relationship are significant at P < 0.001, ** Relationship are significant at P < 0.05.

Table 8. Model goodness, predictive relevance, and model fit

Constructs	R^2	Q^2	SRMR
Academic Plans	0.294	0.137
Awareness of Academicians	0.202	0.058	0.085
IFRS Integration	0.243	0.116

Table 9. Prediction relevance of the model

Indicators	PLS		LM
	RMSE	MAE	RMSE	MAE
Course Type	1.006	0.673	1.101	0.727
Faculty members Preparation	1.015	0.595	1.142	0.645
Academicians Readiness	0.978	0.478	1.003	0.542
Activities done by Academicians	0.991	0.628	1.109	0.684
IES1	0.710	0.460	0.811	0.501
IES2	0.684	0.406	0.702	0.419
IES3	0.693	0.471	0.720	0.447
IES4	0.831	0.563	0.881	0.521
IES5	0.741	0.530	0.772	0.479
IES6	0.742	0.450	0.775	0.472

Table

Constructs	Indicators		Sources
Activities done by academicians	Attending a session(s) in an IFRS conference	AC1	KPMG and AAA. (2014)
	Attending dedicated IFRS programs	AC3
	Attending scientific seminars or introductory workshops on IFRS	AC4
Academicians Readiness	Developing the materials (theoretical and practical) of IFRS.	R2	KPMG and AAA. (2014)
	Provide an adequate financial budget to adopt IFRS.	R3
	Training Faculty members for teaching and presenting IFRS.	R4
	Timing for students to start IFRS education.	R5
	Ease of accepting change by Faculty members to adopt IFRS.	R6
IFRS Integration	Apply accounting principles to transactions and other events.	IES1	IES2 IFAC, 2019
	Apply International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) or other relevant standards to transactions and other events.	IES2
	Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used to prepare financial statements.	IES3
	Prepare financial statements, including consolidated financial statements, in accordance with IFRSs or other relevant standards.	IES4
	Interpret financial statements and related disclosures.	IES5
	Interpret reports that include non-financial data and information.	IES6
Course Type	Organizing a special training course for graduates.	CT2	KPMG and AAA. (2014)
	Establishing independent training courses at the university.	CT3
	Evaluate the appropriate course of action	CT4
Faculty members Preparation	Designate Faculty members to be responsible for teaching (IFRS).	FP1	KPMG and AAA. (2014)
	Provide the necessary funding for the training of current Faculty members.	FP2
Stakeholder Support	Central Bank of Yemen	SS1	Authors
	Ministry of Industry and Trade	SS2
	Central Authority for Control and Accountability	SS3
	Tax authority	SS4
	Ministry of Finance	SS5
	Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research	SS6
	Yemen Association of Certified Public Accountants	SS7
	Private Sector	SS8

IFAC. 2021. Yemeni association of certified public accountants | IFAC.”|“Yemeni association of certified public accountants | IFAC. https://www.ifac.org/about-ifac/membership/members/yemeni-association-certified-public-accountants.

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