Exploring the acceptance of online learning among students in technical and non-technical programmes at a higher education institution

Figures & data

Table 1. AVE, CR and discriminant validity

	AVE	CR	PE	EE	SI	FC	OLA
PE	0.522	0.766	0.723
EE	0.615	0.886	.598**	0.784
SI	0.624	0.892	.719**	.643**	0.790
FC	0.502	0.832	.546**	.543**	.609**	0.709
OLA	0.591	0.851	.676**	.556**	.589**	.298**	0.769

Table 2. Demographic analysis of the respondents

	N	Percentage
Gender
Male	179	68.8
Female	81	31.2
Total	260	100.0
Age
19	49	18.8
20	56	21.5
21	67	25.8
22	30	11.5
23	30	11.5
24	28	10.8
Total	260	100.0
Programme enrolled
TM	160	61.5
IT	100	38.5
Total	260	100.0
Year of study
Year 1	102	39.2
Year 2	103	39.6
Year 3	33	12.7
Year 4	22	8.5
Total	260	100.0

Table 3. Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix of the variables

Variable	PE	EE	SI	FC	OLA
1. Performance expectancy (PE)	1.000
2. Effort expectancy (EE)	.598**	1.000
3. Social influence (SI)	.719**	.643**	1.000
4. Facilitating condition (FC)	.546**	.543**	.609**	1.000
5. Online learning acceptance (OLA)	.676**	.556**	.589**	.298**	1.000
Mean	3.67	3.62	3.48	3.92	3.71
Median	3.67	3.80	3.60	3.80	4.00
SD	1.26	1.30	1.38	1.16	1.18
IQR	1.67	1.80	2.20	1.35	1.25
Skewness	−0.01	0.24	0.16	0.10	−0.79
Kurtosis	−0.16	−0.33	−0.28	0.27	−0.31

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for online learning acceptance and students’ programmes

Programme		Mean	Std. Deviation	N
OLA	TM	3.51	1.26	160
	IT	4.04	0.94	100
	Total	3.71	1.18	260
PE	TM	3.54	1.31	160
	IT	3.87	1.16	100
	Total	3.67	1.26	260
EE	TM	3.48	1.37	160
	IT	3.84	1.16	100
	Total	3.62	1.30	260
SI	TM	3.35	1.44	160
	IT	3.70	1.25	100
	Total	3.48	1.38	260
FC	TM	3.79	1.21	160
	IT	4.14	1.06	100
	Total	3.92	1.16	260

Table 5. Multivariate test for online learning acceptance and students’ programme

Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Intercept	Pillai’s Trace	0.95	890.808^b	5	254	0.000	0.946
	Wilks’ Lambda	0.05	890.808^b	5	254	0.000	0.946
	Hotelling’s Trace	17.54	890.808^b	5	254	0.000	0.946
	Roy’s Largest Root	17.54	890.808^b	5	254	0.000	0.946
Programme	Pillai’s Trace	0.06	3.403^b	5	254	0.005	0.063
	Wilks’ Lambda	0.94	3.403^b	5	254	0.005	0.063
	Hotelling’s Trace	0.07	3.403^b	5	254	0.005	0.063
	Roy’s Largest Root	0.07	3.403^b	5	254	0.005	0.063

Table 6. Tests of between-subjects effects

Source		Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Corrected Model	OLA	17.327^a	1	17.33	13.07	0.000	0.048
	PE	6.634^b	1	6.63	4.21	0.041	0.016
	EE	8.098^c	1	8.10	4.87	0.028	0.019
	SI	7.474^d	1	7.47	4.00	0.047	0.015
	FC	7.261^e	1	7.26	5.46	0.020	0.021
Intercept	OLA	3507.3	1	3507.27	2645.24	0.000	0.911
	PE	3380.5	1	3380.48	2145.08	0.000	0.893
	EE	3302.1	1	3302.11	1984.26	0.000	0.885
	SI	3053.0	1	3052.98	1633.09	0.000	0.864
	FC	3868.4	1	3868.38	2908.88	0.000	0.919
Programme	OLA	17.33	1	17.33	13.07	0.000	0.048
	PE	6.63	1	6.63	4.21	0.041	0.016
	EE	8.10	1	8.10	4.87	0.028	0.019
	SI	7.47	1	7.47	4.00	0.047	0.015
	FC	7.26	1	7.26	5.46	0.020	0.021
Error	OLA	342.1	258	1.33
	PE	406.6	258	1.58
	EE	429.4	258	1.66
	SI	482.3	258	1.87
	FC	343.1	258	1.33
Total	OLA	3944.8	260
	PE	3911.2	260
	EE	3846.0	260
	SI	3641.3	260
	FC	4355.0	260
Corrected Total	OLA	359.4	259
	PE	413.2	259
	EE	437.4	259
	SI	489.8	259
	FC	350.4	259

Table

Code	Descriptions
PE	Performance expectancy
PE1	Using online learning improves my academic performance.
PE2	Online learning is useful for enhancing academic learning.
PE3	Online learning helps me to allocate time more efficiently for other learning activities
EE	Effort expectancy
EE1	Easy to use university online learning system.
EE2	I find it easy to use online platforms to do assignments.
EE3	I find the learning system is easy to use.
EE4	Using online learning improves my self-efficacy
EE5	Online learning helps me do academic tasks in less time.
SI	Social influence
SI1	My lecturers influence me to use online learning as it facilitates communication.
SI2	People around me think I should use online learning to improve knowledge & experience
SI3	My course mates influence my attitude towards online learning.
SI4	Online learning facilitates seamless communication with my classmates.
SI5	I find it convenient to interact with fellow students through online learning
FC	Facilitating condition
FC2	I have technological and financial resources to use online learning
FC3	I have knowledge & technical skills to use online learning
FC4	There is always internet connection for my online learning classes.
FC5	The university support for online learning system is good
FC7	Enthusiasm of the lecturer in teaching online is high
OLA	Online learning acceptance
OLA1	I like the idea of using online learning system
OLA2	I will recommend others to use the online learning
OLA3	I have high intention to continue using online learning
OLA4	Online learning is an effective learning method for me