Exploring the links between emotional intelligence and writing performance among Ethiopian high school learners

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proposed EI abilities model.

Table 1. Socio-demographic information of 11th-grade respondent students.

Valid		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Gender	Male	97	59.5	59.5	59.5
	Female	66	40.5	40.5	100.0
	Total	163	100.0	100.0
Age	Below 17	23	14.1	14.1	14.1
	17–19	123	75.5	75.5	89.6
	Above 19	17	10.4	10.4	100.0
	Total	163	100.0	100.0

Table 2. Reliability and convergent validity (n = 176).

IC	Items	EC	RCM
ME1	When I am faced with obstacles, I remember the times I faced similar obstacles and overcame them	.635	.603
ME2	I seek out activities that make me happy	.849	.885
ME3	I use good moods to help myself keep trying in the face of obstacles	.688	.773
ME4	I can tell how people are feeling by listening to the tone of their voice	.587	.445
UnE	I know when to speak about my personal problems to others	.751	.824
UnE	Other people find it easy to confide in me	.581	.532
UnE	I arrange events others enjoy	.704	.776
UnE	I present myself in a way that makes a good impression on others	.660	.569
UnE	I compliment others when they have done something well	.676	.753
UnE	When another person tells me about an important event in his or her life, I almost feel as though I experienced this event myself	.779	.867
UE1	Some of the major events of my life have led me to re-evaluate what is important and not important	.776	.855
UE2	When my mood changes, I see new possibilities	.713	.723
UE3	When I am in a positive mood, I am able to come up with new ideas	.693	.821
UE4	When I feel a change in emotions, I tend to come up with new ideas	.606	.703
PE1	I am aware of the non-verbal messages I send to others	.532	.517
PE2	By looking at their facial expressions, I recognize the emotions people are experiencing	.684	.704
PE3	I know why my emotions change	.622	.639
PE4	I am aware of the non-verbal messages other people send	.648	.538
PE5	I know what other people are feeling just by looking at them	.633	.559
PE6	I help other people feel better when they are down	.600	.547

Note: IC = item code; EC = extraction communality; RCM = related component matrix; SSC = subscale code; ME = managing own emotions; UnE = understanding others’ emotions; UE = utilizing emotions; PE = perceiving emotions.

Figure 2. Conffirmatory factor analysis.

Note: F47 = ME, managing own emotions; F48 = UnE, understanding others’ emotions; F49 = UE, utilizing emotions; F50 = PE, perceiving emotions; F14-F46 = items of the questionnaire (refer to data collection instruments section).

Table 3. Proposed levels of EI and frequency of distribution.

Levels of EI	Ranges of mean scores	Frequency	Percent
Very low EI	1.00–2.75	6	3.7
Low EI	2.76–3.18	31	19.2
Moderate EI	3.19–4.05	125	76.7
High EI	4.06–4.48	1	0.6
Very high EI	4.49–5.00	—	—
Total	—	163	100

Table 4. Relationship between EI sub-scales and writing performance (n = 163) by Pearson correlation.

Variables	Me	SD	ME	UnE	UE	PE	WP
ME	3.46	.41	1
UnE	3.47	.44	0.362**	1
UE	3.43	.47	0.213**	0.250**	1
PE	3.21	.54	0.336**	0.452**	0.466**	1
WP	68.03	10.17	0.156*	0.095	0.177*	0.367**	1

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Note: M = mean; SD = standard division; ME = managing own emotions; UnE = understanding others’ emotions; UE = utilizing emotions; PE = perceiving emotions.

Table 5. Tests of between-subjects effects.

Dependent variable: writing performance
Source	Type III sum of squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig	Partial eta squared
Corrected Model	8241.313^a	44	187.303	2.590	0.000	0.491
Intercept	68475.613	1	68475.613	946.966	0.000	0.889
ME	1269.941	8	158.743	2.195	0.032	0.130
UnE	1287.332	14	91.952	1.272	0.235	0.131
UE	1227.912	9	136.435	1.887	0.060	0.126
PE	2214.803	13	170.369	2.356	0.008	0.206
Error	8532.641	118	72.311
Total	771115.766	163
Corrected Total	16773.954	162

^a R Squared = 0.491 (Adjusted R Squared = 0.302).

Table 6. The ANOVA statistics (df = 1,161; n = 163; male = 97 and female = 66).

Variables	Gender	M	SD	Between-subjects	Sum of squares	Mean square	F	Sig	Effect size (r)
ME	Male Female	3.35 3.19	.413 0.46	Between Groups	1.081	1.08	5.76	0.017	0.40
				Within Groups	32.636	0.19
				Total	33.717
UnE	Male Female	3.47 3.11	.33 .42	Between Groups	5.569	5.57	41.10	0.000	0.95
				Within Groups	23.578	0.14
				Total	29.147
UE	Male Female	3.40 3.08	.35 .45	Between Groups	4.452	4.45	28.29	0.000	0.91
				Within Groups	27.383	0.16
				Total	31.835
PE	Male Female	3.31 2.88	.41 .44	Between Groups	7.628	7.63	42.95	0.000	0.95
				Within Groups	30.902	0.18
				Total	38.530
WP	Male Female	69.81 66.72	9.79 10.89	Between Groups	398.350	398.35	3.80	0.053	0.28
				Within Groups	18231.618	104.78
				Total	18629.968

Note: M = mean; SD = standard division; ME = managing own emotions; UnE = understanding others’ emotions; UE = utilizing emotions; PE = perceiving emotions.

Data availability statement

All data are available upon request from the editors and/or reviewers, and the corresponding author can provide them.