Motives for exercise participation: The role of individual and psychological characteristics

Figures & data

Table 1. Means (M) and standard deviations (SD) of the PALMS motives for exercise participation in men and women

Exercise motives	Men	Women
	M/SD	M/SD
Competition/ego	12.21/4.57	10.49/3.66
Appearance	17.59/3.95	19.55/3.20
Others’ expectation	10.82/3.29	11.56/3.11
Affiliation	13.35/4.79	12.99/4.18
Physical condition	20.65/3.15	21.14/2.72
Psychological condition	16.60/4.25	19.23/3.58
Mastery	16.87/4.46	17.00/3.88
Enjoyment	19.07/3.57	19.58/3.42

Table 2. Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD) of the PALMS motives for exercise participation in participants with low and high BMI values

Exercise motives	Underweight	Normal	Overweight/obese
	M/SD	M/SD	M/SD
Competition/ego	11.06/4.20	11.23/4.07	11.01/4.19
Appearance	19.70/3.76	18.88/3.64	18.11/3.32
Others’ expectation	10.74/2.79	11.50/3.32	11.15/3.18
Affiliation	12.77/4.27	13.16/4.33	13.24/4.65
Physical condition	21.34/2.64	20.71/3.10	21.23/2.46
Psychological condition	18.66/4.74	18.42/3.70	17.67/4.35
Mastery	17.15/4.62	17.02/3.71	16.71/4.50
Enjoyment	19.94/3.22	19.46/3.49	18.90/3.52

Table 3. Standard multiple regression analyses on exercise motives

Depended variables	Independent variables	R^2	B	SE B	β	t
Regression 1
Competition/ego		.9
	Sex		−1.8	.61	−.29	−2.94**
	Intensity		−.97	.45	−.13	−2.17*
	Self-esteem		.10	.04	.15	2.26*
Regression 2
Appearance		.15
	Sex		.16	.52	.21	3.06**
	Age		−.04	.18	−.14	−2.14*
	Intensity		−1.14	.37	−.17	−3.06**
	Social physique anxiety		.09	.03	.21	3.1**
Regression 3
Others’expectation		.17
	Age		.05	.02	.21	3.19**
	Trait anxiety		.06	.03	.17	2.44*
Regression 4
Affiliation		.13
	Self-esteem		.10	.05	.15	2.13*
Regression 5
Physical condition		.03
	Age		.03	.02	1.3	1.98*
	Frequency		.34	.13	.16	2.70**
	Self-esteem		−.07	.03	−.14	−2.11*
Regression 6
Psychological condition		.06
	Sex		2.67	.58	32	4.6***
	Trait anxiety		.11	.03	.23	3.4**
Regression 7
Mastery		.012
	Age		−.05	.02	−.14	−2.2*
	Frequency		.34	.17	.11	2.01*
	Intensity		−1.8	.43	−.24	−4.15***
Regression 8
Enjoyment		.012
	Sex		1.32	.51	.19	2.6*
	Age		−.05	.02	−.17	−2.6*
	Intensity		−.88	.37	−.14	−2.39*
	Social physique anxiety		−.07	.03	−.18	−2.62**

* p < .05.

** p < .01.

*** p < .001.