Conditions and constraints of political participation among Turkish students in Germany

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the interviewees

ID	Gender	Age	Citizenship^b	Political interest^c	Political self-efficacy^c	V^d	C^d	U^d	N^d
A	Male	27^a	Dual	4.00	3.33	1	0	1	0
B	Male	27	Turkish	1.50	1.67	0	1	1	0
C	Female	24	Turkish	2.00	1.78	–^e	0	2	0
D	Female	38^a	German	3.33	3.45	1	1	4	0
E	Male	26	Dual	3.00	3.11	1	0	1	0
F	Female	29	Turkish	3.33	3.11	–^e	0	0	0
G	Female	38^a	Dual	3.50	3.84	1	1	3	0
H	Female	26	German	2.33	2.44	1	0	3	0
I	Female	23	Turkish	3.33	1.66	–^e	0	2	0
J	Female	29	German	3.17	3.89	1	1	3	1

^a Not born in Germany (immigrated to Germany in childhood or early childhood).

^b “Dual” means the possession of both the German and the Turkish citizenship.

^c Range is from 0 = little interest/efficacy to 4 = high interest/efficacy.

^d Self-reported political participation since the first survey. V = Voting (0  = no; 1 = yes), C = Conventional participation (0 = no activity; 1 = at least one of the following: contacted a politician, actively supported a political party campaign, membership in a political party, or participation in a political committee or working group), U = Unconventional participation (sum index of the following activities: signed a petition, distributed political leaflets, consumer boycott, participated in a legal demonstration, and participated in a citizens’ initiative), N = non-normative political action (0 = no activity; 1 = at least one of the following: wrote a political slogan on a public wall, participated in an illegal demonstration, blocked a road for political reasons, occupied houses or offices, participated in a violent demonstration, damaged other people’s property).

^e According to self-report, there was no opportunity/legal right to participate in elections between the first and the last survey.