Personality, socioeconomic status, attitude, intention and risky driving behavior

Figures & data

Table 1. Fit statistic comparison of the default model and nested models

Fit statistics	CFI	NFI	GFI	AGFI	TLI	IFI	RFI	p	CMIN/DF	RMSEA	χ^2
Original model value	0.97	0.96	0.89	0.86	0.97	0.98	0.95	0.000	2.246	0.059	543.575
											df = 242
Modified model-1 value	0.98	0.96	0.90	0.88	0.98	0.98	0.96	0.000	2.029	0.053	489.091
											df = 241

Note: Modification indices (MI)—Model 1 = 46.997.

Figure 1. The hypotheses testing results.

Table 2. Discriminant validity with the square roots of the AVE on diagonal cells

Constructs	CR	AVE	NM	SS	ATT	INT	RDB
Normlessness (NM)	0.89	0.67	0.82
Sensation-seeking (SS)	0.92	0.63	0.46	0.79
Attitude (ATT)	0.90	0.68	0.43	0.40	0.82
Intention (INT)	0.88	0.64	0.36	0.31	0.46	0.80
Risky Driving Behavior (RDB)	0.85	0.66	0.33	0.22	0.33	0.44	0.81

Notes: AVE: Average variance extracted. All correlation coefficients are significant at p < 0.001.

Table 3. Correlation among risky driving behavior, family relationship, and speed-related variables

	Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1	Risky driving behavior	–
2	Accidents involvement	0.22***	–
3	Unhealthy family relation	0.04	0.08	–
4	Negative emotion	−0.02	0.11*	0.16**	–
5	Booked for speeding	0.15**	0.17**	0.12*	0.15**	–
6	Speeding above the legal limit	0.12*	0.35***	0.31***	0.39***	0.20***	–
7	Perceived comfortable speed limit	0.02	0.13*	0.17**	0.37***	0.21***	0.67***	–
8	Driving hours	0.01	0.19**	−0.02	0.34***	0.01	0.24***	0.18**	–

^* p < 0.05.

^** p < 0.01.

^*** p < 0.001.

Table 4. Test of the mediation effect: Personality variables on risky driving behavior

Models	Direct without mediation			Direct with mediation			Indirect
	Variables	Estimate	p	Variables	Estimate	p	p	Effects
Model 2	NM → RDB	0.41	0.000	NM → INT → RDB	0.20	0.000	0.001 (2-tailed)	Partial mediation
Model 1	NM → RDB	0.41	0.000	NM → ATT→ RDB	0.22	0.000	0.071 (2-tailed)	No mediation
Model 4	SS → RDB	0.20	0.000	SS → INT → RDB	−0.09	0.129	0.001 (2-tailed)	Full mediation
Model 3	SS → RDB	0.20	0.010	SS → ATT → RDB	−0.07	0.235	0.082 (2-tailed)	No mediation

Notes: NM: Normlessness, RDB: Risky driving behavior, SS: Sensation-seeking, ATT: Attitude, and INT: Intention.

Table 5. Means and standard deviations of socioeconomic status, personality, marital status, and gender on intention, attitude, and risky driving behavior (N = 354)

	Variables	Mean ± SD	F-value	η^2			p-value
				1–2	1–3	2–3
1	Attitude toward speeding
	Socioeconomic status		54.52***	0.23	0.12	0.01	0.000
	1. Low	2.71 ± 1.28
	2. Medium	3.83 ± 0.76
	3. High	3.84 ± 0.56
	Personality		64.42***	0.16	NA	NA	0.000
	1. Low	2.89 ± 1.29
	2. High	3.80 ± 0.77
	Marital status		4.64*	<0.01	0.03	0.06	0.01
	1. Married	3.38 ± 1.14
	2. Single	3.34 ± 1.03
	3. Divorced	3.89 ± 0.96
	Gender		0.19	<0.01	NA	NA	0.66
	Male	3.45 ± 1.11
	Female	3.39 ± 1.08
2	Intention
	Socioeconomic status		38.43***	0.19	0.06	0.01	0.000
	1. Low	3.08 ± 1.20
	2. Medium	3.97 ± 0.67
	3. High	3.83 ± 0.74
	Personality		87.35***	0.20	NA	NA	0.000
	1. Low	3.10 ± 1.07
	2. High	4.00 ± 0.74
	Marital status		2.05	<0.01	0.01	0.03	0.13
	1. Married	3.61 ± 1.05
	2. Single	3.57 ± 0.91
	3. Divorced	3.91 ± 0.82
	Gender		0.18	<0.01	NA	NA	0.67
	Male	3.65 ± 1.01
	Female	3.59 ± 0.92
3	Risky driving behavior
	Socioeconomic status		29.04***	0.14	0.10	0.02	0.000
	1. Low	3.10 ± 1.23
	2. Medium	3.91 ± 0.74
	3. High	4.22 ± 1.23
	Personality		54.49***	0.14	NA	NA	0.00
	1. Low	3.15 ± 1.21
	2. High	3.98 ± 0.89
	Marital status		1.96	0.01	0.01	<0.01	0.14
	1. Married	3.55 ± 1.16
	2. Single	3.75 ± 1.06
	3. Divorced	3.85 ± /0.89
	Gender		0.41	<0.01	NA	NA	0.52
	Male	3.67 ± 1.12
	Female	3.57 ± 1.07

Notes: Numbers in each group, Socioeconomic status (Low = 126, Medium = 212, High = 29), Personality (Low = 142, High = 212) Marital status (Married = 211, Single = 96, Divorced = 47), NA: not applicable.

^* p < 0.017.

^*** p < 0.001.

Table

Constructs/items	Mean ± SD	Items codes	Error variance	SFL	CR	α
Normlessness (NM)	3.67 ± 0.97
It is all right to do anything you want, provided you keep out of trouble		NM1	0.29	0.84
It is OK to get around laws and rules provided you don’t break them directly		NM2	0.24	0.87	0.89	0.86
If something works, it is less important whether it is right or wrong		NM3	0.41	0.77
Some things can be wrong to do even though it is legal to do it		NM4	0.36	0.80
Sensation-seeking (SS)	3.84 ± 1.10
Willing to try anything once		SS1	0.47	0.73
Enjoy being reckless		SS2	0.48	0.72
Seek danger		SS3	0.45	0.74
Love action		SS4	0.23	0.88	0.92	0.89
Love excitement		SS5	0.21	0.89
Seek adventure		SS6	0.45	0.74
Act wild and crazy		SS7	0.42	0.76
Enjoy being part of a loud crowd		SS8	0.24	0.87
Attitude (ATT)	3.44 ± 1.10
For me, speeding is unpleasant/pleasant		ATT1	0.29	0.84
For me, speeding is unnecessary/necessary		ATT2	0.33	0.82
For me, speeding is punishing/rewarding		ATT3	0.28	0.85	0.90	0.88
For me, speeding is uncomfortable/comfortable		ATT4	0.44	0.75
For me, speeding is unsafe/safe		ATT5	0.28	0.85
Intentions (INT)	3.64 (0.99)
When driving, I am likely to drive faster than the speed limit		INT1	0.34	0.81
When driving, I intend to speed, if possible		INT2	0.33	0.82	0.88	0.87
When driving, I intend to pass other cars more often		INT3	0.39	0.78
When driving, I will try to speed		INT4	0.38	0.79
Risky Driving Behavior (RDB)	3.15 ± 1.11
Exceed the posted speed limit more than20 km/h		RDB1	0.38	0.79
Exceed the posted speed limit more than 10 km/h		RDB2	0.31	0.83	0.85	0.84
Overtake car in front when it is driving at the posted speed limit		RDB3	0.33	0.82