Moral antecedents of authentic leadership: Do moral justice reasoning, self-importance of moral identity and psychological hardiness stimulate authentic leadership?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Summary of research hypotheses.

Table 1. Mean scores (M), Standard deviations (SD) and correlations among study variables

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Demographics
1. Age	23.28	2.48	–
Authentic leadership
2. Moral perspective	2.45	.37	−.20	–
3. Transparency	2.52	.42	−.13.	.76**	–
4. Balanced processing	2.42	.38	−.01	.50**	.43**	–
5. Self-awareness	2.33	.39	.03	.53**	.50**	.69**	–
Moral Antecedents
6. PCS activation	39.74	13.20	.00	.28**	.25**	.28**	.25**	–
7. MI Symbolized	2.84	.67	.05	.32**	.25**	.15	.10	.16*	–
8. MI Internalized	3.85	.72	−.07	.19*	.26**	.13	.16	−.02	.22**	–
9. Hardiness	29.58	3.54	.02	.13	.01	.09	.08	.20*	.22**	−.34**	–

* p < .05

** p < .01

N = 139 Norwegian Cadet Officers.

Table 2. Hierarchical regression analyses predicting authentic leadership from age, moral reasoning, moral identity and psychological hardiness (N = 139)

Model and predictor variable	R^2	ΔR^2	^Adjusted R^2	B	SE	β
Model 1	.01		.00
Age				−.01	.011	−.08
Model 2	.11*	.10**	.09
Age				−.11	.10	−.08
PCS activation				.01	.00	.32**
Model 3	.19**	.08**	.17
Age				−.01	.10	−.08
PCS activation				.01	.00	.30**
MI Symbolized				.07	.04	.14
MI Internalized				.10	.04	.22*
Model 4	.20	.08	.17
Age				−.01	.01	−.08
PCS activation				.01	.00	.28**
MI Symbolized				.05	.04	.11
MI Internalized				.12	.04	.26**
Hardiness				.01	.01	.10

* p < .05.

** p < .01.

Note: B = unstandardized regression coefficient, β = standardized regression coefficient. n = 139.

Table 3. Hierarchical regression analyses predicting facets of authentic leadership from age, moral reasoning, moral identity and psychological hardiness

Facets of authentic leadership
Predictor	Transparency		Moral		Balanced process		Self awareness
	ΔR^2	β	ΔR^2	β	ΔR^2	β	Δ R^2	β
Step 1	.02		.00		.00		.00	−.02
Age		−.15		−.03		−.06
Step 2	.06**		.08**		.08**		.06**
Age		−.15		−.03			−.06
PCS act.		.25**		.28**		.28**		.25**
Step 3	.10**		.10**		.03		.05*
Age		−.15		−.04		−.05		−.00
PCS act.		.22**		.24**		.27**		.26**
MI Inter		.22**		.15		.14		.22^**
MI Symbol		.17^*		.26^**		.06		−.02
Step 4	.00		.01		.01		.02
Age		−.15		−.04		−.06		−.01
PCS act.		.22**		.23**		.26**		.23**
MI Inter		.22**		.18*		.18*		.29**
MI Symbol		.17*		.23**		.02		−.07
Hardiness		.00		.08		.11		.15
Total R^2	.18**		.19**		.12**			.13**
Adjusted R^2	.15**		.16**		.08**			.10**

* p < .05.

** p < .01.

Note: β = Standardized regression coefficient. n = 139.