The protective factors for resilience scale (PFRS): Development of the scale

Figures & data

Table 1a. Results of the exploratory factor analysis of the 15 items of the protective factors for resilience scale (PFRS)

	Factor
	1	2	3	h^2
1. I can deal with whatever challenges come my way.	−.08	.06	.76	.56
2. I achieve what I set out to do.	−.09	.07	.78	.58
3. I feel that that I belong with my friends.	−.02	.69	.16	.56
4. My family are a source of strength for me.	.78	−.03	.00	.59
5. I believe in myself.	.09	−.08	.77	.62
6. I follow through on plans to achieve my goals.	−.04	−.05	.84	.65
7. My friends treat me fairly.	.02	.72	.10	.60
8. I feel accepted by my family.	.82	.03	.08	.76
11. My friends look after me.	−.02	.83	−.07	.64
12. I know that my family would help me if I needed help.	.77	.08	−.06	.61
15. My friends are a great source of support.	.05	.89	−.07	.78
16. I feel comfortable around my family.	.93	−.05	.02	.84
17. When I think about my future, I feel positive.	.22	.03	.59	.53
19. I can rely on my friends for help if I needed it.	.00	.90	−.05	.79
20. I feel safe within my family.	.93	.00	−.06	.82

Note: the above table is the pattern matrix output. Convergence was achieved after 5 iterations. h² = communalities.

Table 1b. Factor correlations for the 3 factors extracted from the 15 items of the PFRS

Factor	1	2	3
Personal resources	1
S-R peers	.42	1
S-R family	.46	.33	1

Table 2a. Results of the one-factor congeneric models and confirmatory factor analyses for the 15 item protective factors for resilience scale (PFRS)

Model	Model fit and observations
Personal resources	*χ² = 17.81, S-Bχ² = 11.54, df = 5, p = .04; RMSEA = .074, RMSEA 90% CI = .013-.130; CFI = .99; SRMR = .02, GFI = .97.
S-R peers	*χ² = 9.08, S-Bχ² = 5.68, df = 5, p = .34; RMSEA = .024, RMSEA 90% CI = .000-.010; CFI = 1.00; SRMR = .01; GFI = .99.
S-R family	*χ² = 23.90, S-Bχ² = 13.36, df = 5, p=.02; RMSEA = .084; RMSEA 90% CI = .300-.140; CFI = .99; SRMR = .02; GFI = .96.
Null model	χ² = 6498.52, df = 105.
One-factor	*χ² = 1679.73, S-Bχ² = 1897.37, df = 90, p = .00; RMSEA = .290, RMSEA 90% CI = .280-.300; CFI = .72; SRMR = .22; GFI = .39.
3-uncorrelated factors	*χ² = 399.10, S-Bχ² = 260.33, df = 90, p=.00; RMSEA = .089. RMSEA 90% CI = .076-.100; CFI = .97; SRMR = .29; GFI = .83.
3-correlated factors	*χ² = 203.50, S-Bχ² = 151.31, df = 87, p=.00; RMSEA = .056, RMSEA 90% CI = .040-.070; CFI = .99; SRMR = .05; GFI = .89.
1-second-order factor^a	*χ² = 214.04, S-Bχ² = 156.32, df = 88, p=.00; RMSEA = .057, RMSEA 90% CI = .042-.071; CFI = .99; SRMR = .10; GFI = .89. Second-order factor loadings: PR = .64, SR-p = .73 and SR-F = .66.

Notes: LVR = Latent variable correlation. RMSEA = Root mean square error of approximation. CFI = Comparative fit index. SRMR = Standardised root mean square residual. GFI = Goodness of fit index.

* C1 in LISREL.

^a The indicators for the SR-F and SR-P factors were constrained to be equal in order to over-identify the higher order part of the model.

Table 2b. Latent-factor correlations for the 3-correlatedfactors model of the PFRS

Factor	1	2	3
1. Personal resources	1
2. S-R peers	.53(.88/.15/6.05)	1
3. S-R family	.37(.72/.15/4.94)	.51(1.17/.19/6.22)	1

Note: In parentheses: Unstandardised coefficient/Standard error/Wald statistic.

Table 3. Factor loadings associated with the one-factor Congeneric models, 1-factor, 3-correlated factors and second-order factor models for the protective factors for resilience scale (PFRS)

	OCMs			1-factor	3-correlated factors			Second-order
	PR	S-R P	S-R F		PR	S-R P	S-R F	PR	S-R P	S-R F
1. I can deal with whatever challenges come my way.	.81			.31	.80			.80
2. I achieve what I set out to do.	.87			.39	.87			.86
5. I believe in myself.	.85			.43	.85			.85
6. I follow through on plans to achieve my goals.	.87			.41	.87			.87
17. When I think about my future, I feel positive.	.75			.51	.76			.76
3. I feel that that I belong with my friends.		.86		.57		.86			.83
7. My friends treat me fairly.		.79		.56		.80			.76
11. My friends look after me.		.80		.50		.80			.76
15. My friends are a great source of support.		.92		.55		.92			.90
19. I can rely on my friends for help if I needed it.		.92		.56		.92			.90
4. My family are a source of strength for me.			.87	.87			.87			.87
8. I feel accepted by my family.			.91	.91			.91			.91
12. I know that my family would help me if I needed help.			.88	.84			.87			.88
16. I feel comfortable around my family.			.93	.91			.93			.93
20. I feel safe within my family.			.95	.92			.95			.95

Table 4. Correlations between coping styles and scores on the protective factors for resilience scale (PFRS)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1. PFRS	1
2. Planning and active coping	.11	1
3. Emotional and instrumental support	.35**	.35**	1
4. Self-blame and distraction	−.40**	.16*	−.11	1
5. Reframe and acceptance	.27**	.51**	.37**	.06	1
6. Substance use	−.19**	−.07	−.02	.20**	.00	1
7. Behavioural disengagement	−.37**	−.11	−.08	.43**	−.11	.25**	1
8. Humour	.06	.20**	.11	.18**	.41**	.15*	.08	1
9. Religion	.26**	.21**	.31**	−.10	.27**	−.18**	−.11	−.02	1
10. Satisfaction with life	.58**	.04	.28**	−.49**	.16*	−.18**	−.34**	−.05	.17**	1
11. Self Esteem	.57**	.07	.20**	−.53**	.16*	−.17**	−.49	.00	.17*	.66**	1
Minimum	15	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	5	10
Maximum	105	4	4	4	4	8	8	8	8	35	40
M	78.90	2.86	1.25	2.17	2.58	2.83	2.81	3.80	3.46	21.52	21.43
SD	15.98	.72	.61	.70	.72	1.45	1.19	1.69	1.94	7.86	5.83
α	.93	.84	.86	.72	.70	.96	.74	.84	.94	.94	.94
Skew/SE	−4.33	−2.08	4.43	2.03	−.38	11.36	12.59	4.67	7.05	−2.26	−3.64
Kurtosis/SE	1.14	−.86	−.50	−1.52	−1.89	8.14	14.83	−.59	−.13	−2.90	.41

* indicates p < .05.

** indicates p < .01.

Table

		Strongly Disagree			Strongly Agree
1.	I can deal with whatever challenges come my way.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
2.	I achieve what I set out to do.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
3.	I feel that that I belong with my friends.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
4.	My family are a source of strength for me.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
5.	I believe in myself.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
6.	I follow through on plans to achieve my goals.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
7.	My friends treat me fairly.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
8.	I feel accepted by my family.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
9.	I can look after myself.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
10.	My friends look after me.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
11.	I know that my family would help me if I needed help.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
12.	I feel that I can influence what happens to me.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
13.	I can rely on myself to be ready for what I need to do each day.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
14.	My friends are a great source of support.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
15.	I feel comfortable around my family.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
16.	When I think about my future, I feel positive.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
17.	I really try hard in the things that I do.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
18.	I can rely on my friends for help if I needed it.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
19.	I feel safe within my family.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
20.	I know what I want to do with my life.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

Table

	Factor Matrix	Communalities		Skew/SE	Kurtosis/SE
		Initial	Extraction
2. I achieve what I set out to do.	.72	.58	.52	−6.08	1.00
5. I believe in myself.	.77	.61	.60	−9.16	5.39
6. I follow through on plans to achieve my goals.	.80	.66	.64	−5.87	.69
17. When I think about my future, I feel positive.	.74	.54	.54	9.64	4.81
1. I can deal with whatever challenges come my way.	.70	.53	.49	−8.13	1.97
14. I can rely on myself to be ready for what I need to do each day.	.68	.47	.46	−10.29	7.74
18. I really try hard in the things that I do.	.64	.46	.41	9.70	4.96
20. I know what I want to do with my life.	.60	.39	.35	−9.10	4.12
13. I feel that I can influence what happens to me.	.58	.37	.34	−7.99	2.64
10. I can look after myself.	.57	.34	.32	−14.70	17.11

Table

	Factor Matrix	Communalities		Skew/SE	Kurtosis/SE
		Initial	Extraction
5. I believe in myself	.86	.70	.74	−6.74	3.41
6. I follow through on plans to achieve my goals	.84	.73	.71	−4.87	1.50
2. I achieve what I set out to do	.84	.71	.70	−4.05	.65
17. When I think about my future I feel positive	.80	.65	.64	−5.05	−.32
1. I can deal with whatever challenges come my way	.79	.61	.62	−6.46	3.84
14. I can rely on myself to be ready for what I need to do each day	.78	.63	.61	−6.30	4.11
20. I know what I want to do with my life	.77	.63	.60	−5.09	−.35
10. I can look after myself	.71	.56	.51	−9.20	7.65
18. I really try hard in the things that I do	.67	.48	.45	−6.28	2.44
13. I feel that I can influence what happens to me	.58	.37	.33	−5.32	3.37

Table

	Factor
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	h^2
1. I’ve been turning to work or other activities to take my mind off things.			.42						.27
2. I’ve been concentrating my efforts on doing something about it.	.64								.42
3. I’ve been saying to myself “this isn’t real”.							.22		.12
4. I’ve been using alcohol or other drugs to make myself feel better.				.95					.91
5. I’ve been getting emotional support from others.		.88							.67
6. I’ve been giving up trying to deal with it.							.76		.70
7. I’ve been taking action to try to make the situation better.	.76								.69
8. I’ve been refusing to believe that it has happened.	.28						.43	−.38	.27
9. I’ve been saying things to let my unpleasant feelings escape.								.26	.27
10. I’ve been getting help and advice from other people.		.75							.61
11. I’ve been using alcohol or other drugs to help me get through it.				.97					.94
12. I’ve been trying to see it in a different light to make it seem positive.								.46	.50
13. I’ve been criticising myself.			.85						.69
14. I’ve been trying to come up with a strategy about what to do.	.77								.67
15. I’ve been getting comfort and understanding from someone.		.80							.66
16. I’ve been giving up the attempt to cope.							.67		.48
17. I’ve been looking for something good in what is happening.			−.23			.27		.42	.61
18. I’ve been making jokes about it.						.83			.76
19. I’ve been doing something to think about it less such as going to movies, watching TV, daydreaming, sleeping or shopping.			.41						.23
20. I’ve been accepting the reality of the fact that it has happened.	.32							.51	.41
21. I’ve been expressing my negative feelings.		.30	.30					.23	.26
22. I’ve been trying to find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs.					.99				.93
23. I’ve been trying to get advice or help from other people about what to do.		.72							.68
24. I’ve been learning to live with it.								.63	.38
25. I’ve been thinking hard about what steps to take.	.78								.67
26. I’ve been blaming myself for things that happened.			.75						.63
27. I’ve been praying or meditating.					.92				.84
28. I’ve been making fun of the situation.						.89			.79

Table

Factor	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Planning and active coping	1
2. Emotional and instrumental support	.38	1
3. Self-blame and distraction	.03	−.14	1
4. Substance use	−.09	.03	.26	1
5. Humour	.26	.33	−.22	−.18	1
6. Behavioural disengagement	.28	.21	.03	.10	.12	1
7. Religion	−.01	.06	.55	.31	−.07	.07	1
8. Reframing and acceptance	.50	.38	−.02	.12	.29	.47	.09	1