Ambivalent trust and ontological representations of death as latent factors of religiosity

Figures & data

Table 1. Participants’’ characteristics (N = 443)

Variable	N	%	Mean (SD)
Gender
Male	239	53.9
Female	204	46.0
Age
19–57			23.3 (4.2)
Marital status
Single	279	62.9
Married	18	4.1
Other	146	32.9

Table 2. Psychometric properties of all study variables (N = 414)

	No. of items	Cronbach’s α	Range	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis
ITS questionnaire
My behaviours of sharing relevant information	6	0.77	6–54	40.93	6.73	−0.59	0.13
My behaviours of reducing controls	6	0.40	6–54	32.25	5.40	−0.17	0.14
My behaviours of allowing for mutual influence	6	0.66	6–54	29.70	7.04	−0.14	−0.41
My behaviours of clarifying mutual expectations	6	0.70	6–54	37.37	5.59	−0.31	0.20
My behaviours of meeting others’ expectations	6	0.46	6–54	40.62	4.58	−0.33	−0.07
Others’ behaviours of sharing relevant information	6	0.65	6–54	35.31	6.19	−0.17	0.05
Others’ behaviours of reducing controls	6	0.49	6–54	26.67	5.48	−0.02	−0.33
Others’ behaviours of allowing for mutual influence	6	0.40	6–54	31.55	5.08	−0.13	0.21
Others’ behaviours of clarifying mutual expectations	6	0.74	6–54	35.37	5.53	0.08	0.06
Others’ behaviours of meeting my expectations	6	0.72	6–54	34.69	6.04	−0.25	−0.17
WHOQOL-SRPB questionnaire
SRPB	4	0.82	1–5	3.82	0.68	−0.16	−0.56
Spiritual connection	4	0.93	1–5	2.40	1.10	0.31	−0.95
Meaning & purpose in life	4	0.80	1–5	3.84	0.80	−0.52	−0.22
Experiences of awe & wonder	4	0.78	1–5	3.95	0.70	−0.32	−0.60
Wholeness & integration	4	0.66	1–5	3.43	0.66	0.08	−0.14
Spiritual strength	4	0.93	1–5	2.82	1.05	−0.07	−0.86
Inner peace	4	0.86	1–5	3.09	0.81	0.13	0.07
Hope & optimism	4	0.80	1–5	3.46	0.79	−0.16	−0.36
Faith	4	0.97	1–5	2.49	1.19	0.23	−1.05
TDRS questionnaire
Death as passage	3	0.73	1–5	2.68	1.03	−0.26	−0.84
Death as annihilation	3	0.82	1–5	2.87	1.21	0.11	−0.98
ECR-R questionnaire
Anxiety	18	0.88	18–126	57.91	16.55	0.20	−0.41
Avoidance	18	0.91	18–126	44.33	15.04	0.52	−0.21

Table 3. Correlations among all study variables (N = 414)

Variable		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23
ITS questionnaire
1.	MSI	–
2.	MRC	0.23**	–
3.	MAI	−0.03	0.47**	–
4.	MCE	0.51**	0.08	0.02	–
5.	MME	0.28**	0.15**	0.16**	0.27**	–
6.	OSI	0.47**	0.19**	0.04	0.23**	0.17**	–
7.	ORC	0.12**	0.34**	0.09	0.03	−0.03	0.29**	–
8.	OAI	0.21**	0.19**	0.38**	0.29**	0.05	0.28**	0.22**	–
9.	OCE	0.25**	0.14**	0.16**	0.51**	0.17**	0.22**	0.06	0.42**	–
10.	OME	0.25**	0.17**	0.15**	0.28**	0.15**	0.45**	0.14**	0.35**	0.43**	–
WHOQOL-SRPB questionnaire
11.	SRPB	0.29**	−0.07	−0.14**	0.21**	0.23**	0.15**	−0.04	0.08	0.09	0.11*	–
12.	CONNECT	0.11*	0.05	0.02	0.09	0.17**	0.00	0.03	0.07	0.09	0.04	0.36**	–
13.	MEANING	0.28**	−0.04	−0.20**	0.22**	0.24**	0.18**	0.10*	0.09	0.06	0.17**	0.56**	0.40**	–
14.	AWE	0.31**	0.08	−0.01	0.21**	0.14**	0.16**	−0.10*	0.14**	0.11*	0.09	0.37**	0.22**	0.36**	–
15.	WHOLE	0.28**	0.00	−0.15**	0.25**	0.06	0.12*	−0.02	0.12*	0.15**	0.15**	0.46**	0.15**	0.38**	0.31**	–
16.	STRENGTH	0.22**	0.04	−0.04	0.18**	0.15**	0.07	0.03	0.09	0.07	0.06	0.46**	0.69**	0.43**	0.30**	0.36**	–
17.	PEACE	0.26**	0.00	−0.12*	0.19**	−0.01	0.21**	0.11*	0.11*	0.10*	0.18**	0.35**	0.08	0.31**	0.17**	0.52**	0.26**	–
18.	HOPE	0.28**	0.02	−0.07	0.26**	0.04	0.24**	0.02	0.10*	0.17**	0.20**	0.43**	0.19**	0.43**	0.31**	0.47**	0.37**	0.58**	–
19.	FAITH	0.11**	0.00	−0.04	0.11*	0.13**	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.03	0.05	0.39**	0.81**	0.43**	0.21**	0.20**	0.73**	0.17**	0.29**	–
TDRS questionnaire
20.	Passage	0.13**	−0.01	0.00	0.11*	0.18**	0.01	0.05	0.08	0.01	0.01	0.24**	0.53**	0.42**	0.13**	0.07	0.43**	0.03	0.14**	0.51**	–
21.	Annihilation	−0.07	0.06	0.08	−0.07	−0.15**	−0.02	−0.04	0.00	0.05	0.06	−0.26**	−0.44**	−0.40**	−0.11*	−0.08	−0.35**	−0.01	−0.10*	−0.45**	−0.65**	–
ECR-R questionnaire
22.	Anxiety	−0.10	0.12*	0.20**	0.00	0.17**	−0.08	0.00	0.08	0.02	−0.09	−0.12*	0.10*	−0.04	−0.01	−0.21**	0.00	−0.28**	−0.17**	−0.04	0.02	−0.01	–
23.	Avoidance	−0.43**	−0.08	0.00	−0.30**	−0.17**	−0.18**	−0.03	−0.12*	−0.15**	−0.15**	−0.15**	0.03	−0.14*	−0.13**	−0.16**	−0.06	−0.17**	−0.08	−0.06	−0.08	0.05	0.38**	–
Variable		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.01.

Table 4. Results of confirmatory factor analysis for WHOQOL-SRPB and ITS

Model		χ	df	p	Chi/df	RMSEA	SRMR	CFI	NNFI	AIC
WHOQOL-SRPB	A	121.794	27	0.000	4.511	0.286	0.142	0.778	0.704	1038.176
	A*	75.79	22	0.000	3.445	0.074	0.041	0.983	0.973	121.794
ITS	B	238.98	30	0.000	7.966	0.126	0.087	0.848	0.771	288.98
	B*	64.324	26	0.000	2.474	0.058	0.055	0.971	0.950	122.324

* Improved model, see text.

Table 5. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting trust behaviour

Variable	B	SE	β	ΔR^2	R^2
Model for my trust behaviours (MB)
Step1: Attachment scales				0.19***	0.19***
Avoidance	−0.56	0.06	−0.46***
Anxiety	0.31	0.05	0.28***
Step2: Spirituality				0.07***	0.25***
Death annihilation	2.55	0.85	0.16**
Death passage	2.10	1.03	0.11*
Domain6	1.86	0.37	0.24***
Sep3: Interaction				0.04***	0.29***
Avoidance_x_DeathAnn	3.67	1.12	0.19**
Avoidance_x_DeathPass	0.87	1.14	0.05
Avoidance_x_Domain6	2.94	0.95	0.15**
Anxiety_x_DeathAnn	0.53	1.08	0.03
Anxiety_x_DeathPass	1.76	1.12	0.06
Anxiety_x_Domain6	−0.43	0.94	−0.02
Model for other trust behaviour (OB)
Step1: Attachment scales				0.06***	0.06***
Avoidance	−0.31	0.06	−0.24***
Anxiety	0.02	0.06	0.01
Step2: Spirituality				0.04**	0.09***
Death annihilation	1.44	0.97	0.09
Death passage	0.24	1.18	0.01
Domain6	1.67	0.42	0.21***
Sep3: Interaction				0.02	0.11***
Avoidance_x_DeathAnn	2.56	1.30	0.13*
Avoidance_x_DeathPass	−0.20	1.33	−0.01
Avoidance_x_Domain6	0.34	1.10	0.02
Anxiety_x_DeathAnn	−1.12	1.26	−0.06
Anxiety_x_DeathPass	0.15	1.31	0.01
Anxiety_x_Domain6	0.75	1.10	0.04

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.01.

*** p < 0.001.

Chart 1. Death annihilation and avoidance interaction on MB.

Chart 2. Death annihilation and avoidance interaction on OB.

Chart 3. Domain6 and avoidance interaction on MB.