Coincidental development of talent in university students

Figures & data

Table 1. Pattern matrix of the structure of nine talents at time 1

Talents concepts of learning	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	h^2
Physical and sport activity
Performance	.89									.83
Natural ability	.87									.78
Interest	.84									.74
Understanding	.83									.72
Ease	.82						.17			.72
Preoccupation	.69									.49
Effort	.63									.41
Spiritual and religious
Performance		.86								.79
Interest		.83								.72
Natural ability		.82							.17	.73
Ease		.79							.16	.68
Understanding		.76						.16	.17	.63
Preoccupation		.69								.50
Effort		.68								.48
Musical and rhythmic
Performance			.90							.84
Natural ability			.86							.77
Understanding			.85							.73
Ease			.78							.63
Interest			.74							.60
Preoccupation			.62							.41
Effort			.55							.32
Construction and spatial design
Performance				.87						.79
Ease				.86						.78
Natural ability				.86						.76
Understanding				.79			.17			.67
Interest				.75						.60
Preoccupation				.55						.31
Effort				.50						.29
Nature and environment
Performance					.83					.73
Natural ability					.81					.72
Understanding					.78					.64
Interest					.76					.64
Ease					.72				.18	.58
Preoccupation					.65					.46
Effort					.57					.37
Mathematical and logical
Performance						.88				.80
Natural ability				.15		.86				.77
Ease				.15		.83				.73
Understanding						.82				.70
Interest						.74				.56
Preoccupation						.56				.33
Effort						.38				.16
Social and leadership
Performance							.79			.67
Natural ability							.77		.15	.65
Ease							.76			.61
Understanding							.73		.15	.58
Interest							.69			.50
Effort							.66			.44
Preoccupation							.61		.16	.41
Language and communication
Performance								.85		.76
Natural ability								.81		.70
Ease							.15	.79		.67
Interest								.73		.58
Understanding								.73	.16	.57
Preoccupation								.51		.29
Effort								.44		.23
Self-awareness
Natural ability									.84	.76
Performance								.15	.78	.68
Understanding								.17	.75	.62
Ease									.71	.55
Interest									.60	.39
Preoccupation									.59	.40
Effort									.50	.28
Rotation sums of squared loading (cumulative %)	7.40	14.51	21.27	27.93	34.49	40.92	47.03	53.10	59.11
Cumulative eigenvalue (cumulative %)	13.51	23.75	32.36	39.54	45.85	51.38	56.27	60.59	64.53
Cronbach’s α (time 1)	.93	.92	.91	.90	.90	.89	.89	.88	.88

Notes: Eigenvalues have been rounded to hundredths; values of .25 and above are included in the table. Only loadings above .15 are included in the table.

Table 2. Regression weights relevant from the CFA of the talent questionnaire at time 2

Talents concepts of learning	Parameter estimate	Standard error	Estim/SE Critical ratio of regression weight	Standardised coefficients
Language and communication
Interest	1.00			.80
Ease	1.09	.06	17.36	.82
Effort	.91	.07	13.11	.62
Natural ability	1.10	.07	16.45	.79
Mathematical and logical
Interest	1.00			.76
Ease	1.18	.06	20.22	.88
Performance	1.14	.06	19.38	.88
Natural ability	1.24	.07	19.11	.87
Construction and spatial design
Ease	1.00			.86
Understanding	.90	.04	22.33	.84
Performance	1.00	.04	24.95	.89
Natural ability	1.07	.05	23.73	.86
Physical and sport activity
Interest	1.00			.83
Ease	1.01	.05	20.68	.85
Preoccupation	.89	.06	15.29	.66
Natural ability	1.11	.05	21.27	.88
Musical and rhythmic
Interest	1.00			.75
Understanding	1.13	.06	18.00	.85
Performance	1.31	.07	19.10	.89
Natural ability	1.26	.07	18.36	.85
Social and leadership
Ease	1.00			.76
Understanding	.86	.06	14.71	.71
Performance	1.05	.06	16.63	.83
Natural ability	1.09	.07	16.19	.79
Self-awareness
Interest	1.00			.75
Understanding	1.05	.06	16.91	.80
Performance	1.18	.06	18.70	.88
Natural ability	1.19	.06	18.23	.85
Nature and environment
Interest	1.00			.77
Ease	.92	.04	21.76	.83
Performance	1.01	.04	24.42	.88
Natural ability	.79	.05	16.34	.82
Spiritual and religious
Ease	1.00			.88
Understanding	1.05	.06	18.52	.82
Performance	1.06	.05	19.48	.89
Preoccupation	.98	.05	18.10	.68

Table 3. Correlation of time 1 and time 2 of talents over a 13-week semester

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	α
(1) Language and communication	.71**	.08	.01	−.06	.19**	.21**	.27**	.06*	.23**	.46**	.81
(2) Mathematical and logical	.15**	.78**	.26**	.02	−.09	−.01	−.10*	−.01	.01	.30**	.91
(3) Construction and spatial design	−.04	.37**	.79**	.13*	.07	.05	−.08	.18**	.06	.44**	.92
(4) Physical and sport activity	−.01	.08	.15**	.88**	.14**	.19**	−.09*	.08	−.06	.37**	.89
(5) Musical and Rhythmic	.15**	−.03	.03	.13**	.79**	.11*	.12**	.17**	.08	.46**	.91
(6) Social and leadership	.19**	.03	.02	.17**	.17**	.71**	.21**	.12**	.14**	.47**	.87
(7) Self-awareness	.35**	.03	−.06	−.05	.16**	.25**	.75**	.27**	.30**	.43**	.83
(8) Nature and environmental	.13**	.02	.22**	.11	.24**	.15*	.29**	.82**	.26**	.54**	.88
(9) Spiritual and religious	.18**	.02	.03	−.10*	.09	.15**	.33**	.29**	.80**	.51**	.87
(10) Total talent (mean)	.45**	.43**	.45**	.36**	.47**	.46**	.51**	.60**	.49**	.77**	.82
Cronbach’s α	.84	.91	.92	.88	.90	.85	.86	.90	.89	.85

Notes: Above the diagonal are time 1 and below are time 2 correlation coefficients. The diagonal is the correlation of the same factors at times 1 and 2. Correlations for factors were calculated on the confirmatory factor structure for times 1 and 2.

* p < .05.

** p < .01.

Table 4. Repeated measure analysis of the effect for talent

Main effects talent group	Elements of the variation					Effect
	Time 1		Time 2			Significance
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	D^2	F	p	ηp^2
Self-awareness	3.88	.79	3.91	.88	.02	1.58	.210	.003
Language and communication	3.58	.84	3.76	.82	.22	38.07	.001	.077
Social and leadership	3.57	.84	3.66	.81	.11	7.72	.006	.017
Musical and rhythmic	3.42	1.01	3.52	1.01	.10	10.26	.001	.022
Physical and sport activity	3.21	1.06	3.31	1.05	.09	16.07	.001	.034
Nature and environment	2.90	.97	2.93	1.00	.03	1.24	.267	.003
Mathematical and logical	2.72	.97	2.85	1.05	.13	17.01	.001	.036
Construction and spatial design	2.57	.99	2.66	1.03	.09	9.98	.001	.022
Spiritual and religious	2.58	1.06	2.58	1.13	.00	.01	.942	.001
Total talent (mean)	3.15	.42	3.24	.46	.09	34.34	.001	.070

Notes: Repeated measures MANOVA comparisons are indicated by the exact significance level (df = 1, 453).

d = Cohen’s d.

Figure 1. Talents differentiated by time.

Notes: *p < .05; **p < .01.

Figure 2. Rank of total talent of males and females represented by gender.

Notes: *p < .05; **p < .01.

Table 5. Gender effects for talent

Main effects talent group	Elements of the variation					Effect
	Females		Males			Significance
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	d	F	p	ηp^2
Self-awareness	3.92	.85	3.75	.97	−.17	3.38	.066	.007
Language and communication	3.68	.84	3.58	.76	−.11	1.23	.268	.003
Social and leadership	3.65	.84	3.65	.74	−.21	3.23	.073	.007
Musical and rhythmic	3.45	.99	3.57	1.08	.12	1.07	.302	.002
Physical and sport activity	3.18	1.04	3.63	1.03	−.43	13.66	.001	.029
Nature and environment	2.94	.96	2.78	1.07	−.16	2.09	.148	.005
Mathematical and logical	2.70	.99	3.17	.87	.50	17.26	.001	.037
Construction and spatial design	2.55	.98	2.89	1.05	.33	8.59	.004	.019
Spiritual and religious	2.60	1.06	2.51	1.12	−.09	.44	.507	.001
Total talent (mean)	3.19	.45	3.26	.47	.08	2.35	.125	.005

Notes: Cohen’s d for calculating differences between groups of different size; Simple main effects ANOVA comparisons of means averaged over two data gatherings are indicated by the exact significance level (df = 1, 452).^;Slight discrepancies in rank occur as a result of the averaging of the gender scores over two time points. There is no significant difference between factors that rank differently between the time and gender tables.

Table 6. Rank, mean, standard deviation and t scores of pairwise mean comparisons of talents at time 1

	Mean	SD	t score value
			2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Self-awareness	3.88	.79	6.66**	6.53**	8.13**	10.60**	19.87**	18.84**	21.14**	24.73**	21.53**
2. Language and communication^1	3.58	.83		.121	2.82*	5.93**	11.98**	14.88**	16.61**	17.78**	12.60**
3. Social and leadership	3.57	1.00			2.57*	6.62**	12.22**	14.12**	16.88**	16.70**	12.09**
4. Musical and rhythmic	3.43	1.02				3.60**	8.98**	10.17**	13.28**	12.66**	6.28**
5. Physical and sport activity	3.20	1.07					4.75**	6.99**	9.72**	8.30**	.750
6. Nature and environment	2.89	.98						2.47*	5.34**	5.13**	−7.08**
7. Mathematical and logical	2.73	.97							2.76*	2.02*	−9.86**
8.Construction and spatial design	2.58	1.00								−.27	−13.99**
9. Spiritual and religious	2.59	1.07									−13.17**
10. Total talent (mean)	3.16	.42

* p < .05

** p < .01.

Note: All comparisons df = 467.