Depressive rumination and urgency have mutually enhancing relationships but both predict unique variance in future depression: A longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for each scale at each time point

	n	M	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	α
BDI-II Time 1	281	12.87	8.94	0.95	0.60	.89
BDI-II Time 2	195	11.30	8.93	1.30	1.78	.91
BDI-II Time 3	163	10.60	9.36	1.40	2.11	.92
Brooding Time 1	284	13.07	3.95	−0.18	−0.88	.78
Brooding Time 2	197	12.78	3.92	−0.01	−0.83	.81
Brooding Time 3	165	12.67	3.96	−0.15	−0.76	.82
Reflection Time 1	284	10.43	3.52	0.35	−0.56	.70
Reflection Time 2	197	9.89	3.47	0.38	−0.76	.74
Reflection Time 3	165	9.64	3.57	0.51	−0.62	.80
RRS total Time 1	283	51.48	13.38	−0.10	−0.69	.91
RRS total Time 2	195	49.71	13.04	0.03	−0.71	.91
RRS total Time 3	163	49.21	13.84	0.05	−0.53	.93
Negative urgency Time 1	283	28.59	6.69	0.10	−0.13	.84
Negative urgency Time 2	196	28.02	6.66	−0.02	−0.41	.85
Negative urgency Time 3	161	27.87	7.42	0.06	−0.44	.89
Lack of premeditation Time 1	283	25.51	5.69	−0.01	0.08	.84
Lack of premeditation Time 2	195	25.08	6.14	0.02	−0.02	.89
Lack of premeditation Time 3	162	25.22	5.67	−0.06	−0.18	.87
Lack of perseverance Time 1	282	22.52	4.56	0.13	−0.02	.73
Lack of perseverance Time 2	195	22.34	4.91	0.42	0.35	.79
Lack of perseverance Time 3	160	22.50	4.77	0.18	−0.12	.78
Sensation seeking Time 1	284	30.19	6.90	−0.07	−0.58	.80
Sensation seeking Time 2	195	29.43	7.46	−0.05	−0.50	.85
Sensation seeking Time 3	161	29.16	7.86	−0.02	−0.69	.86
Positive urgency Time 1	282	30.89	8.14	0.21	−0.09	.90
Positive urgency Time 2	196	29.43	8.38	0.17	−0.53	.92
Positive urgency Time 3	161	28.84	8.84	0.07	−0.60	.93
BIS-11 Time 1	276	66.07	11.58	0.42	−0.13	.85
BIS-11 Time 2	192	65.71	11.21	0.31	0.02	.85
BIS-11 Time 3	158	65.23	11.27	0.29	0.18	.86

Notes: BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition; RRS = Ruminative Responses Scale; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11.

Table 2. Correlations between each UPPS-P subscale score and total BIS-11 scores

	BIS-11
	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3
Negative urgency	.57	***	.61	***	.67	***
Lack of premeditation	.63	***	.67	***	.65	***
Lack of perseverance	.58	***	.63	***	.61	***
Sensation seeking	.19	**	.21	**	.17	*
Positive urgency	.54	***	.50	***	.57	***

Note: BBIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11.

* p < .05.

** p < .01.

*** p < .001.

Table 3. Test-retest correlations for each subscale of the UPPS-P

	Time 1–Time 2		Time 2–Time 3		Time 1–Time 3
Negative urgency	.81	***	.87	***	.78	***
Lack of premeditation	.83	***	.83	***	.83	***
Lack of perseverance	.81	***	.85	***	.82	***
Sensation seeking	.87	***	.87	***	.86	***
Positive urgency	.80	***	.87	***	.79	***

*** p < .001.

Table 4. Correlations between each measure at Time 1 (lower side) and partial correlations between measures after controlling for BDI-II scores (Upper side)

	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9
1. BDI-II	–
2. Brooding	.48	***	–		.38	***	.83	***	.37	***	−.20	***	−.01		−.04		.25	***
3. Reflection	.23	***	.44	***	–		.70	***	.14	*	−.22	***	−.14	*	.20	***	.20	***
4. RRS total	.54	***	.87	***	.70	***	–		.38	***	−.22	***	−.03		.09		.33	***
5. Negative urgency	.44	***	.50	***	.22	***	.52	***	–		.25	***	.30	***	.12	*	.70	***
6. Lack of premeditation	.02		−.17	**	−.21	***	−.18	**	.24	***	–		.45	***	.22	***	.22	***
7. Lack of perseverance	.25	***	.11		−.07		.11		.37	***	.44	***	–		−.07		.16	**
8. Sensation seeking	−.05		−.06		.18	**	.04		.09		.22	***	−.08		–		.29	***
9. Positive urgency	.36	***	.38	***	.27	***	.46	***	.75	***	.21	***	.24	***	.25	***	–

Notes: BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition; RRS = Ruminative Responses Scale.

* p < .05.

** p < .01.

*** p < .001.

Table 5. Linear mixed models with each subsequent score for measures of rumination, impulsivity, and depression as dependent variables

Independent variables	Negative urgency as a impulsivity measure
	RRS total				Negative urgency				BDI-II
	B		SE	t	B		SE	t	B		SE	t
Intercept	5.01	[0.87, 9.15]	2.10	2.39*	0.97	[−0.91, 2.85]	0.95	1.02	−4.34	[−6.85, −1.82]	1.27	−3.41***
BDI-II	0.08	[−0.04, 0.20]	0.06	1.38	0.01	[−0.04, 0.06]	0.03	0.38	0.79	[0.72, 0.86]	0.04	21.52***
RRS total	0.74	[0.66, 0.82]	0.04	17.73***	0.04	[0.00, 0.08]	0.02	2.17*	0.06	[0.01, 0.11]	0.03	2.25*
Negative urgency	0.22	[0.07, 0.37]	0.08	2.86**	0.87	[0.80, 0.94]	0.03	25.12***	0.11	[0.02, 0.20]	0.05	2.34*
Lack of premeditation as a impulsivity measure
	RRS total				Lack of premeditation				BDI-II
Intercept	8.70	[3.14, 14.25]	2.82	3.09**	1.09	[−0.76, 2.93]	0.94	1.16	−4.88	[−.8.24, −1.52]	1.70	−2.87**
BDI-II	0.12	[0.00, 0.24]	0.06	2.05*	0.01	[−0.03, 0.05]	0.02	0.62	0.79	[0.72, 0.87]	0.04	21.69***
RRS total	0.79	[0.71, 0.87]	0.04	19.46***	0.01	[−0.01, 0.04]	0.01	1.04	0.09	[0.04, 0.13]	0.02	3.45***
Lack of premeditation	−0.02	[−0.16, 0.13]	0.08	−0.20	0.92	[0.87, 0.97]	0.02	36.92***	0.09	[−0.00, 0.18]	0.05	1.90
Lack of perseverance as a impulsivity measure
	RRS total				Lack of perseverance				BDI-II
Intercept	7.13	[2.17, 12.09]	2.52	2.84**	2.28	[0.92, 3.65]	0.69	3.30**	−4.34	[−7.38, −1.29]	1.54	−2.81**
BDI-II	0.11	[−0.00, 0.23]	0.06	1.91	0.03	[−0.00, 0.07]	0.02	1.96	0.80	[0.73, 0.87]	0.04	21.73***
RRS total	0.79	[0.71, 0.87]	0.04	20.20***	−0.01	[−0.03, 0.01]	0.01	−0.77	0.08	[0.03, 0.13]	0.24	3.35***
Lack of perseverance	0.06	[−0.12, 0.23]	0.09	0.63	0.90	[0.86, 0.95]	0.02	36.91***	0.08	[−0.03, 0.19]	0.06	1.51
Sensation seeking as a impulsivity measure
	RRS total				Sensation seeking				BDI-II
Intercept	9.73	[5.05, 14.42]	2.37	4.10***	0.53	[−1.32, 2.39]	0.94	0.57	−3.42	[−6.31, −0.54]	1.46	−2.34*
BDI-II	0.12	[0.01, 0.24]	0.06	2.07*	−0.02	[−0.06, 0.03]	0.02	−0.71	0.81	[0.73, 0.88]	0.04	22.20***
RRS total	0.79	[0.72, 0.87]	0.04	20.24***	0.01	[−0.02, 0.04]	0.02	0.50	0.08	[0.04, 0.13]	0.02	3.46***
Sensation seeking	−0.06	[−0.17, 0.06]	0.06	−1.00	0.97	[0.93, 1.02]	0.02	42.85***	0.03	[−0.04, 0.09]	0.04	0.71
Positive urgency as a impulsivity measure
	RRS total				Positive urgency				BDI-II
Intercept	5.98	[2.05, 9.92]	1.99	3.00**	0.71	[−1.37, 2.78]	1.05	0.67	−.4.32	[−6.67, −1.97]	1.19	−3.63***
BDI-II	0.09	[−0.02, 0.21]	0.06	1.59	−0.00	[−0.06, 0.06]	0.03	−0.03	0.79	[0.72, 0.87]	0.04	22.05***
RRS total	0.76	[0.68, 0.84]	0.04	18.51***	−0.00	[−0.04, 0.04]	0.02	−0.02	0.06	[0.02, 0.11]	0.02	2.63**
Positive urgency	0.14	[0.02, 0.25]	0.06	2.31*	0.96	[0.90, 1.02]	0.03	30.70***	0.09	[0.02, 0.16]	0.04	2.57*

Notes: BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition; RRS = Ruminative Responses Scale. Numbers in parentheses shows 95% confidence intervals.

* p < .05.

** p < .01.

*** p < .001.