Psychometric validation of the Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Test –Adolescents (SKAT-A) in an Iranian sample

Figures & data

Table 1. Model fit indices for ESEM factor analysis of SKAT-A Farsi

Model	χ^2 (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	90%CI lower	90%CI upper	SRMR	AIC	BIC	∆ χ^2 (df)
Factor 1	4683.8 (464)	0.645	0.621	0.091	0.088	0.093	0.075	100319.4	100800.2
Factor 2	3382.5 (433)	0.752	0.716	0.078	0.076	0.081	0.060	99080.1	99716.2	1301.3 (31)
Factor 3	2525.7 (403)	0.822	0.781	0.069	0.066	0.072	0.048	98283.3	99069.6	856.8 (30)
Factor 4	1667.7 (374)	0.891	0.856	0.056	0.053	0.059	0.037	97483.3	98414.9	858 (29)
Factor 5	1203.3 (346)	0.928	0.897	0.047	0.044	0.050	0.030	97075.0	98146.8	464.3 (28)
Factor 6	784.9 (319)	0.961	0.939	0.036	0.033	0.040	0.022	96710.6	97917.6	418.4 (27)
Factor 7	583.7 (293)	0.976	0.959	0.030	0.026	0.033	0.018	96561.3	97898.6	201.2 (26)
Factor 8	492.2 (268)	0.981	0.965	0.028	0.024	0.031	0.016	96519.9	97982.3	91.5 (25)

CFI = Comparative Fit Index; RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; CI = Confidence Interval;

SRMR = Square Root Mean Residual; TLI = Tucker Lewis Index; ∆ = change value.

Table 2. Correlations from 6-factor model

	1	2	3	4	5	6
1 Premarital Sexuality	0.846
2 Masturbation	0.488	0.845
3 Homosexuality	0.507	0.460	0.835
4 Pornography	0.361	0.563	0.308	0.733
5 Abortion	0.483	0.402	0.440	0.334	0.702
6 Sexual Coercion	0.167	0.132	0.249	0.080	0.331	0.660

All p’s < .05. Geomin rotation. Omega reliability estimate on the diagonal.

Calculated using parameter estimates obtained from a CFA model (McDonald, 1999).

Table 3. Fit indices for measurement invariance tests

		χ^2 (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	90%CI lower	90%CI upper	SRMR	∆ χ^2 (df)
Age	Configural invariance	1140.1 (638)	0.958	0.935	0.038	0.034	0.041	0.026
(< 26 years, ≥ 26 years)	FL invariance	1364.0 (794)	0.953	0.941	0.036	0.033	0.039	0.035	223.8 (156)
	Intercepts invariance	1480.8 (820)	0.945	0.933	0.038	0.035	0.041	0.038	116.9 (26)
	Factor Var/Cov invariant	1520.1 (841)	0.943	0.933	0.038	0.035	0.041	0.043	39.3 (21)
	Factor means invariant	1556.1 (847)	0.941	0.931	0.039	0.036	0.042	0.044	35.9 (6)
Gender	Configural invariance	1147.0 (638)	0.957	0.933	0.038	0.034	0.042	0.027
(female, male)	FL invariance	1365.9 (794)	0.952	0.94	0.036	0.033	0.039	0.035	218.9 (156)
	Intercepts invariance	1514.1 (820)	0.942	0.929	0.039	0.036	0.042	0.038	148.2 (26)
	Factor Var/Cov invariant	1565.6 (841)	0.939	0.928	0.039	0.036	0.042	0.045	51.5 (21)
	Factor means invariant	1810.4 (847)	0.919	0.905	0.045	0.042	0.048	0.057	244.8 (6)
Religious Commitment	Configural invariance	1199.8 (638)	0.946	0.916	0.040	0.036	0.043	0.028
(never, at least once)	FL invariance	1421.9 (794)	0.940	0.925	0.038	0.035	0.041	0.037	222.0 (156)
	Intercepts invariance	1468.8 (820)	0.938	0.925	0.038	0.035	0.041	0.039	47.0 (26)
	Factor Var/Cov invariant	1501.8 (841)	0.937	0.925	0.038	0.035	0.041	0.043	33.0 (21)
	Factor means invariant	1753.5 (847)	0.913	0.898	0.044	0.041	0.047	0.088	251.7 (6)

CFI = Comparative Fit Index; RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; CI = Confidence Interval;

SRMR = Square Root Mean Residual; TLI = Tucker Lewis Index; ∆ = change value; FL = Factor Loading; Var/Cov = Variance/Covariance matrix.

Table 4. Attitude factor composites by age, gender and religious ceremony

	Age			Gender			Religious ceremony
	Up to 25	26 and more	p	Female	Male	p	Never	At least once	p
Premarital Sexuality	15.89 (4.72)	16.85 (4.95)	0.002	16.74 (5.05)	16.35 (4.73)	0.186	14.22 (4.61)	17.94 (4.51)	0.000
Masturbation	21.82 (5.51)	22.01 (5.52)	0.585	22.98 (5.15)	20.97 (5.68)	0.000	19.68 (5.48)	23.33 (5.07)	0.000
Homosexuality	12.91 (3.96)	13.35 (3.99)	0.085	13.01 (3.90)	13.40 (4.07)	0.104	11.32 (3.92)	14.36 (3.58)	0.000
Pornography	13.63 (3.73)	13.56 (3.91)	0.776	14.47 (3.73)	12.76 (3.79)	0.000	12.09 (3.55)	14.51 (3.74)	0.000
Abortion	12.94 (3.93)	13.89 (4.02)	0.000	13.36 (4.00)	13.79 (4.02)	0.072	12.04 (3.79)	14.51 (3.86)	0.000
Sexual Coercion	10.81 (3.35)	11.31 (3.26)	0.017	10.36 (3.00)	11.91 (3.40)	0.000	10.28 (3.03)	11.68 (3.34)	0.000

Tabled values are means (SD). Statistical comparisons conducted using independent Student’s t-tests.

Non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests did not produce substantial test statistic or parameter estimate deviations.

Table 5. Sexual behavior comparisons by age, gender, and religious ceremony

	Age			Gender			Religious Commitment
	Up to 25	26 and more	p	Female	Male	p	Never	At least once	p
Sexual experience compared to friends			0.010			0.053			0.001
Less experience	47.15%	37.70%		46.85%	41.34%		40.19%	46.37%
Same experience	31.30%	35.52%		32.78%	32.51%		30.38%	34.01%
More experience	21.54%	26.78%		20.37%	26.15%		29.43%	19.62%
Sexual knowledge compared to friends			0.300			0.000			0.000
Less knowledge	18.02%	19.13%		21.67%	15.19%		14.59%	20.64%
Same knowledge	42.28%	37.43%		44.44%	37.28%		36.12%	43.60%
More knowledge	39.70%	43.44%		33.89%	47.53%		49.28%	35.76%
Age of first sexual relationship			0.000			0.007			0.134
Up to 15	10.29%	6.35%		4.61%	12.01%		11.16%	6.88%
16 to 20	69.77%	44.44%		58.99%	61.13%		54.91%	64.49%
21 to 25	19.94%	30.69%		27.19%	21.55%		26.34%	22.10%
26 and more	0.00%	18.52%		9.22%	5.30%		7.59%	6.52%
Age on first date			0.000			0.214			0.679
Up to 13	6.26%	2.60%		6.00%	3.92%		4.61%	5.19%
13 to 17	52.24%	28.90%		43.65%	44.24%		41.79%	45.38%
18 to 22	39.18%	49.68%		40.88%	44.93%		45.24%	41.35%
23 and more	2.33%	18.83%		9.47%	6.91%		8.36%	8.08%
Sexual intercourse person of opposite sex			0.415			0.405			0.618
Never	19.40%	12.73%		16.00%	18.80%		17.55%	17.65%
Less than once a month	39.13%	41.82%		38.29%	41.03%		38.30%	41.18%
Once a month	21.74%	20.00%		20.00%	22.22%		19.68%	22.62%
Once a week	18.39%	24.55%		24.57%	16.67%		23.40%	17.19%
Talking with friends about sex			0.004			0.000			0.024
Never	13.99%	17.01%		19.22%	10.64%		15.50%	14.10%
Less than once a month	24.05%	32.99%		33.58%	19.36%		22.22%	28.39%
Once a month	19.39%	14.95%		19.46%	17.45%		16.37%	19.67%
Once a week	26.53%	27.84%		19.95%	32.98%		27.78%	26.35%
Once a day	16.03%	7.22%		7.79%	19.57%		18.13%	11.50%
Number of sexual partners			0.448			0.000			0.217
1	56.09%	52.17%		71.33%	41.90%		50.70%	58.33%
2–3	39.57%	45.65%		27.27%	52.51%		46.48%	37.22%
4 and more	4.35%	2.17%		1.40%	5.59%		2.82%	4.44%
Talk with parents about sex			0.632			0.000			0.277
No	84.69%	86.08%		78.59%	90.43%		86.55%	83.86%
Yes	15.31%	13.92%		21.41%	9.57%		13.45%	16.14%
Forcing sexual partner to have sex			0.039			0.013			0.376
No	91.11%	86.08%		92.70%	87.66%		88.89%	90.72%
Yes	8.89%	13.92%		7.30%	12.34%		11.11%	9.28%
Being forced to have sex			0.001			0.009			0.699
No	90.52%	82.05%		85.68%	91.28%		89.18%	88.33%
Yes	9.48%	17.95%		14.32%	8.72%		10.82%	11.67%
Having an STD infection			0.000			0.499			0.170
No	98.83%	91.24%		97.57%	96.81%		96.20%	97.77%
Yes	1.17%	8.76%		2.43%	3.19%		3.80%	2.23%

Table 6. Correlations between factor composite scores and sexual behavioral items

	Premarital Sexuality	Masturbation	Homosexuality	Pornography	Abortion	Sexual Coercion
Sexual experience compared to friends (N = 1106)^ƹ	−.176**	−.131**	−.091**	−.163**	−.191**	−.063*
Sexual knowledge compared to friends (N = 1106)^ƹ	−.161**	−.234**	−.125**	−.209**	−.229**	−.102**
Age of first sexual relationship (N = 500)^ƹ	−.055	.056	.050	.118**	.031	−.085
Age on first date (N = 867)^ƹ	.065	.045	.087*	.099**	.014	.019
Sexual intercourse—person of opposite sex (N = 409)^ƹ	−.176**	−.145**	−.059	−.063	−.181**	−.047
Talking with friends about sex (N = 881)^ƹ	−.133**	−.156**	−.089**	−.193**	−.109**	.007
Number of sexual partners (N = 322)^ƹ	−.047	−.057	.051	−.126*	−.064	.089
Talking with parents about sex (N = 881)^β	−.052	.016	−.056	−.009	−.025	−.111**
Forcing sexual partner to have sex (N = 881)^β	−.125**	−.118**	−.041	−.087*	−.055	.058
Being forced to have sex (N = 882)^β	−.091**	−.048	−.054	−.014	−.042	.034
Having an STD infection (N = 881)^β	.071*	.038	.057	.026	.072*	.002

^ƹSpearman correlation coefficient; ^βPoint bi-serial correlation coefficient; * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01

McDonald, P. R. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

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