Situational factor affecting energy-saving behavior in direct approaches in Hanoi City. The role of socio-demographics

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model

Table 1. The questionnaire

Constructs		Questionnaire items	Reference
Social norms (SN)	SN1	You think that households need to be aware of energy-saving behavior.	Zhang et al. (2018)
	SN2	You must take action to save energy because of mandatory regulations.
	SN3	If everyone around you engages in energy saving, you will be more involved in energy saving.
Quality of energy-saving product (QL)	QL1	You will choose to purchase energy-labeled equipment firstly.	Zhang et al. (2018)
	QL2	Customer feedback on energy-efficient products is an important factor in your choice of purchasing the product.
	QL3	You will be interested in the right product then the energy-saving product.
Energy price (PR)	PR1	You will change transportation if gasoline or oil prices rise.
	PR2	You will change the habit of using electrical equipment when electricity prices rise.
Energy policy (PO)	PO1	Policies and regulations play an important role in promoting and encouraging me to improve and change energy-saving behaviors.	Zhang et al. (2018)
	PO2	Your energy-saving behavior because of the relevant policies and regulations.	Zhang et al. (2018)
Energy-saving behavior (BE)	BE1	When you do not use the device for a long time, you will turn off the device to reduce power consumption. Ex: Turn off the power of the television before going to bed or unplug the microwave if not frequently used.	Zhang et al. (2018)
	BE2	You will use curtains to reduce room temperature.
	BE3	You will use public transport daily.
	BE4	You will use the shower in the bathroom to save water.

Table 2. Sample categorization

		Frequency	Percent
Gender	Male	344	49.3
	Female	354	50.7
Academic background	High school	65	9.3
	College	51	7.3
	Graduate	466	66.8
	Post-graduate	116	16.6
Profession	Student	301	43.1
	Unemployed	9	1.3
	Worker	50	7.2
	Engineer	65	9.3
	Office worker	199	28.5
	Teacher/Lecturer	26	3.7
	Other	48	6.9
Income (million Viet Nam Dong)	Below 2	40	5.7
	From 2–5	83	11.9
	From 5–10 VND	227	32.5
	Above 10	348	49.9
Total		698	100.0

Table 3. The reliability test

	Factors		Cronbach’s Alpha	λ	Composite reliability	AVE
QL2	<—	QL	0.789	0.795	0.802	0.758
QL1	<—	QL		0.738
QL3	<—	QL		0.740
PR2	<—	PR	0.719	0.815	0.724	0.755
PR1	<—	PR		0.689
PO2	<—	PO	0.826	0.830	0.827	0.840
PO1	<—	PO		0.849
SN2	<—	SN	0.726	0.731	0.728	0.756
SN3	<—	SN		0.781
BE2	<—	BE	0.714	0.760	0.712	0.743
BE4	<—	BE		0.726

QL: Quality of energy-saving product; PR: Energy price; PO: Energy policy; SN: Social norms; BE: Energy-saving behavior

Table 4. Discriminant validity

	Mean	QL	PR	SN	PO	BE
QL	3.844	0.871
PR	3.605	0.678	0.869
SN	3.916	0.816	0.703	0.870
PO	3.809	0.800	0.693	0.743	0.916
BE	3.842	0.862	0.701	0.819	0.763	0.862

Figure 2. CFA analysis result

Figure 3. SEM analysis result

Table 5. The SEM analysis result

			Standard beta	S.E.	P-value
BE	<—	QL	0.685	0.099	0.000
BE	<—	PR	0.106	0.056	0.112
BE	<—	SN	0.192	0.097	0.045
BE	<—	PO	−0.008	0.07	0.924
BE	<—	Gender	0.065	0.043	0.032
BE	<—	Age	−0.023	0.001	0.451
BE	<—	Edu	0.015	0.028	0.630
BE	<—	Income	0.014	0.025	0.640

Zhang, C.-Y., Yu, B., Wang, J.-W., & Wei, Y.-M. (2018). Impact factors of household energy-saving behavior: An empirical study of Shandong Province in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 185, 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.303

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