Psychosis among the disconnected youth: A systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA diagram.

Table 1. Characteristics of included studies

	Geographic location	Design	Participants	Setting	Recruitment	Aim	Inclusion criteria	Comparator
Reissner, 2010	Essen, Germany	Cross sectional	Youth receiving unemployment benefit in the Vocational Service Centre Essen	On the grounds of the Vocational Services Centre Essen in an established out-patient unit of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Referral by case manager in the vocational service	Establish the prevalences of both DSM-IV, Axis-I and II disorders Examine the level of symptom severity, psychopathology and psychosocial functioning Assess somatic and mental health service use Identify differences between probands with and without comorbid PD	- Suffer from self-reported (to the case manager) or deduced mental problems - Aged 16 to 24.9 years	none
Ramsdal, 2018	Harstad, Norway	Qualitative design combined with case–control study	Young adults who had dropped out of high school and are clients in the public welfare system (The Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, NLWA) 2–5 years after dropout.	The interviews were performed at the local university college.	A contact person in the NLWA, informed potential participants about the study and asked for permission to pass on their phone number so that the researchers could contact them and ask for their consent to participate.	To obtain the informants’ own narratives regarding their mental health and the influence of any mental problems on their school completion or dropout from school. In addition, to diagnose any present mental disorders. Compare the informants’ own narratives to their psychiatric diagnoses and thereby get a more comprehensive picture of their mental health challenges and the implications these challenges have for their school performances.	-Aged 18–25 years. -Dropped out of high school. -Had no documented health problems -Struggling to get back on track 2–5 years after school dropout.	College students aged 18–25 years who had struggled to finish high school.

Table 2. Interviews and measure of psychosis in included studies

	Interviews	Measure of psychosis	Interviewers	Number included in analysis	Age	Educational level	Prevalence of psychosis (n = /total, (%))	Risk of bias assessment / Instrument used
Reissner, 2010	SCID I and SCID II interviews preformed during four counselling sessions following diagnostic consensus meeting.	Fulfill DSM-IV diagnoses schizophrenia and other psychotic disorder	One psychologist with a master’s degree and one adult senior psychiatrist. Appropriately trained to conduct the SCID I and SCID II	Eligible for inclusion: 229 Refused to participate: 15 Excluded after inclusion due to missing follow-up (did not complete diagnostic interview): 49 Included in the analysis: 165	16–24.9 years (Mean 21.4)	School degree: None = 71 (45.8%) Low / medium = 72 (46.5%) High = 12 (7.7%)	5/165 (3.0%)	Axis
Ramsdal, 2018	The short structured diagnostic interview Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Screening for mental disorders	Fulfill criteria for diagnoses in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic manuals as assessed with the instrument M.I.N.I. Among axis-I disorders “psychotic disorder” is described.	A trained clinical psychologist and has specialization in adult psychology.	Eligible for inclusion: Drop-out group: 9 Student group: 7 Refused to participate: 2 Included in the analysis: Drop-out group: 7 Student group: 7	18–25 years	Drop-out group: Dropped out of High-school. Student group: third year of college, completed high school	0/7 in the dropout group 0/7 in the student group	The New-Castle Ottawa Scale

Figure 2. Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment Scale (NOS) for case–control studies (Ramsdal et al. 2018).

Figure 3. Appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS) (Reissner et al. 2010).

Ramsdal, G. H. (2018). Attachment problems and mental health issues among long-term unemployed youth who had dropped out of high school. University of Tromsoe.

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