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COGNITIVE & EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

In a dirty virtual room: exposure to an unpleasant odor increases the senses of presence, reality, and realism

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2115690 | Received 10 Feb 2022, Accepted 18 Aug 2022, Published online: 02 Sep 2022

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic description of participants in the three odorant conditions (N = 60)

Figure 1. Virtual rooms searched prior to the virtual kitchen.

Note. a) Bathroom, b) Living room, c) Office, d) Bedroom.
Figure 1. Virtual rooms searched prior to the virtual kitchen.

Figure 2. Virtual kitchen and immersion room.

Note. a) Dirty kitchen, b) participant in immersion. For the purpose of the photograph, the lights in the immersion room were left on. During the actual protocol, the immersion is carried out in the dark. The scent delivery system is the apparatus seen above the participant, in the center of the immersion area in b.
Figure 2. Virtual kitchen and immersion room.

Figure 3. The 30-second in vivo exposure to the olfactory stimulus previously used in the virtual kitchen.

Note. The time needed for participants to detect the odor is measured, and they rate the characteristics of the odor.
Figure 3. The 30-second in vivo exposure to the olfactory stimulus previously used in the virtual kitchen.

Table 2. Brief measures of presence and reality collected in virtuo

Table 3. Planned contrasts for measures of presence, reality, and realism collected in virtuo

Figure 4. Illustration of the brief measure of presence x time interaction effect, as shown by mean change from the control to the experimental condition.

Note. Standard errors are represented in the figure by the error bars attached to each column.
Figure 4. Illustration of the brief measure of presence x time interaction effect, as shown by mean change from the control to the experimental condition.

Figure 5. Sense of presence (as measured by the spatial presence subscale of the ITC-SOPI).

Note. Standard errors are represented in the figure by the error bars attached to each column.
Figure 5. Sense of presence (as measured by the spatial presence subscale of the ITC-SOPI).

Table 4. Relationship between presence and characteristics of odors

Figure 6. Illustration of the brief measure of reality X time interaction effect, as shown by mean change from the control to the experimental condition.

Note. Standard errors are represented in the figure by the error bars attached to each column.
Figure 6. Illustration of the brief measure of reality X time interaction effect, as shown by mean change from the control to the experimental condition.

Figure 7. Sense of realism (as measured by the ecological validity subscale of the ITC-SOPI).

Note. Standard errors are represented in the figure by the error bars attached to each column.
Figure 7. Sense of realism (as measured by the ecological validity subscale of the ITC-SOPI).
Supplemental material

Supplemental Material

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Data Availability Statement

The data that supports the findings of this study is available upon request addressed directly to the relevant Research Ethics Boards ([email protected] and [email protected]). The dataset is not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions.