Psychosocial determinants of intentions and behaviour towards edible insects in the South-Western part of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for insect consumption, demographics variables, and Theory of Planned Behaviour predictors as a function of province

					Province
			Range (min-max)	Total	Kinshasa	Grand Bandundu	Kongo Central	df	F	χ2
Insect consumption			1–7	4.01 (1.82)	4.58 (1.62)^a	4.36 (1.54)^a	2.29 (1.45)^b	2, 534	97.17***	-
Intentions of consumption			1–7	3.99 (1.84)	4.68 (1.72)^a	4.24 (1.45)^b	2.52 (1.56)^c	2, 460	72.55***	-
Age			18–83	34.88 (12.39)	34.43 (12.66)^a	36.94 (12.06)^a	33.85 (11.91)^a	2, 534	2.34	-
Education level			1–4	3.35 (0.73)	3.42 (0.65)^a	3.19 (0.86)^b	3.36 (0.74)^a,b	2, 534	4.30*	-
Sex								2	-	.82
Female			-	250 (47%)	139 (48%)^a	58 (47%)^a	53 (43%)^a
Male			-	287 (53%)	151 (52%)^a	66 (53%)^a	70 (57%)^a
Childhood								12	-	100.82***
Village			-	151 (31%)	59 (23%)^a	50 (48%)^b	42 (36%)^c
Town			-	113 (24%)	61 (23%)^a	39 (38%)^b	14 (11%)^c
City			-	216 (45%)	140 (54%)^a	15 (15%)^b	61 (53%)^c
Number of persons at home								4	-	4.40
<5 persons			-	276 (51%)	141 (49%)^a	63 (51%)^a	72 (59%)^a
>5 persons			-	259 (49%)	148 (51%)^a	60 (49%)^a	51 (41%)^a
Attitudes			1–7	4.70 (1.73)	5.10 (1.58)^a	5.13 (1.31)^a	3.32 (1.73)^b	2, 532	61.72***	-
-Social norms			1–3	1.77 (0.36)	1.76 (0.31)^a	2.00 (0.34)^b	1.46 (0.29)^c	2, 421	60.68***	-
-Perceived control			1–7	3.98 (1.75)	4.45 (1.68)^a	3.94 (1.87)^b	2.95 (1.31)^c	2, 529	35.62***	-
Emotions
Fear			-					2	-	5.67
Absent			-	505 (94%)	270 (93%)^a	122 (98 %)^a	113 (92%)^a
Present			-	32 (6%)	20 (7%)^a	2 (2%)^a	10 (8%)^a
Rejection			-					2	-	4.38
Absent			-	499 (93%)	264 (91%)^a	119 (96%)^a	108 (88%)^a
Present			-	38 (7%)	26 (9%)^a	5 (4%)^a	15 (12%)^a
Repulsion			-					2	-	5.38
Absent			-	491 (91%)	264 (91%)^a	119 (96%)^a	108 (88%)^a
Present			-	46 (9%)	26 (9%)^a	5 (4%)^a	15 (12%)^a
Shame			-					2	-	3.66
Absent			-	518 (97%)	278 (96%)^a	123 (99%)^a	117 (95%)^a
Present			-	19 (4%)	12 (4%)^a	1 (1%)^a	6 (5%)^a
Disdain			-					2	-	2.18
Absent			-	473 (88%)	252 (87%)^a	108 (87%)^a	113 (92%)^a
Present			-	64 (12%)	38 (13%)^a	16 (13%)^a	10 (8%)^a

Note: Mean and standard deviation (in parentheses) is provided for continuous variables. Number of observations and percentage is provided for categorical variables. Values with the same superscript in the same row do not differ, p > .05. Multiple comparisons tests were adjusted with the Bonferroni method. N = 537. *p < .050, **p < .010; *** p < .001

Table 2. Descriptive results for Theory of Planned Behaviour components

Components of TPB	Categories	%
	High agreement	52.4
Attitudes	Moderate agreement	27.2
Like to eat insect	Disagreement	20.5
Reason for insect appreciation	Good health	79.2
	Taste	81.9
Forms of consumption	Incorporated in a preparation, insect invisible and the taste no detectable	29.6
	Incorporated in a preparation, insect visible and the taste detectable	28.5
	To consume them alive	19.3
	Do not consume them in any form	11.7
Subjective norms	Family members	84.2
Felt comfortable eating insects with	Alone	61.8
	Friends	49.2
Participants who encourage and influence consumption	Family members	78.4
	Medical profession	74.3
	Salesmen	63.0
	Teachers	58.0
Perceived control Easiness to find insects	Very easy	25.6
	Relatively easy	48.8
	No easy	24.3
Easiness to find insects in large quantities all year round	Very easy	29.5
	Relatively easy	39.4
	Difficult	30.4
Permanent insects	Caterpillars	79.7
	Grasshoppers	55.1
	Termites	48.8
	Locusts and crickets	48.8
	Palm larvae	17.0
	Wood larvae	5.5
Intention Desire to eat insects	Very often	25.4
	Often	37.9
	Not often	22.7
Intention to eat insects during the following week	1 glass	52.2
	2 glass	19.7
	3 glass or more glasses	14.4
Frequency of consumption during the week	Once	24.7
	Twice	39.2
	Three times	10.6
	More than three	4.7
Reasons that could weaken the intention	Nothing could change their intention	41.4
	Personal disease	10.5
	Changes of environment like travelling	7.9
	Lack of availability	5.8
	Lack of financial means	5.0

Note: The total percentage of some questions is greater than 100%, because participants could provide several open-ended answers.

Table 3. Frequency of insect consumption across provinces (Kinshasa, Grand Bandundu and Kongo Central)

	Very rarely			Often		Very often		Total
	f	%		f	%	f	%	f
Kinshasa	48	16.6		156	53.8	86	29.7	290
Grand Bandundu	24	19.4		72	58.1	28	22.6	124
Kongo Central	73	59.3		47	38.2	3	2.4	123
Total	145			275		117		537

Note : f= frequency

Table 4. Spearman correlations between study variables

	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.	10.	11.	12.	13.	14.	15.	16.	17.	18.
1. Insect consumption	-
2. Age	0.19***	-
3. Sex (Male = −1/2, Female = +1/2)	0.02	−0.03	-
4. Education level	0.04	0.16***	−0.15***	-
5. Childhood C1: Village (−2/3) vs. Town and City (+1/3)	−0.12**	−0.25***	−0.01	0.15***	-
6. Childhood C2: Town (−1/2) vs. City (+1/2)	−0.01	−0.19***	−0.07	0.10*	0.27***	-
7. Number of persons at home: <5 (−1/2) vs. >5 (+1/2)	0.02	0.19***	0.04	−0.03	−0.11*	−0.06	-
8. Province C1: KC (−2/3) vs. GB and KIN (+1/3)	0.50***	0.04	0.04	−0.01	0.06	−0.13**	0.08	-
9. Province C2: GB (−1/2) vs. KIN (+1/2)	0.21***	−0.08	0.02	0.09*	0.22***	0.21***	0.04	0.32***	-
10. Attitudes	0.70***	0.17***	0.02	0.03	−0.14**	−0.05	−0.04	0.42***	0.16***	-
11. Social norms	0.24***	0.31***	0.08	0.16***	−0.11*	−0.23***	0.02	0.39***	−0.15**	0.19***	-
12. Perceived control	0.60***	0.07	0.02	0.04	−0.05	0.04	−0.03	0.34***	0.20***	0.71***	0.05	-
13. Intentions	0.75***	0.11*	0.01	0.05	−0.01	−0.04	−0.02	0.48***	0.22***	0.80***	0.22***	0.73***	-
14. Fear (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)	−0.17***	−0.10*	−0.03	0.09	0.08	0.01	0.06	−0.12**	0.03	−0.05	−0.01	−0.06	−0.03	-
15. Rejection (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)	−0.02	0.06	0.01	−0.12*	−0.05	−0.20***	−0.01	0.05	0.03	−0.11*	0.04	−0.14**	−0.04	−0.1	-
16. Repulsion (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)	−0.18***	−0.02	−0.06	0.02	−0.09	−0.01	0.07	−0.16**	−0.01	−0.12*	−0.15**	−0.12*	−0.18***	−0.11*	−0.12*	-
17. Shame (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)	−0.12*	−0.11*	−0.1	0.04	0.06	0.08	−0.12*	−0.09	0.03	−0.07	−0.09	−0.10	−0.17**	−0.07	−0.07	−0.08	-
18. Disdain (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)	−0.01	−0.05	−0.01	−0.06	0.02	0.11	0.01	0.01	−0.04	0.02	−0.04	0.03	0.02	−0.13**	−0.14**	−0.16**	−10*	-

Note: Information in parentheses indicates the contrast code value. C1: Contrast code #1; C2: Contrast code #2.GB: Grand Bandundu; KN : Kinshasa ; KC : Kongo Central. *p < .050, **p < .010; *** p < .001

Table 5. Linear regression models predicting insect consumption as a function of demographics variables, Theory of Planned Behaviour predictors, and emotions

		b (95% CI)	ƞ^2p	b (95% CI)	ƞ^2p	b (95% CI)	ƞ^2p
Demographics (Block 1)
	Age	0.01 (−0.01, 0.02)	.004	0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)	<.001	−0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)	.001
	Sex (Male = −1/2, Female = +1/2)	0.10 (−0.23, 0.44)	.002	0.13 (−0.13, 0.39)	.004	0.13 (−0.13, 0.38)*	.004
	Education level	−0.19 (−0.43, 0.05)	.011	−0.22 (−0.41, −0.03)*	.022	−0.19 (−0.38, −0.00)	.018
	Childhood C1: Village (−2/3) vs. Town and City (+1/3)	−0.24 (−0.64, 0.17)	.006	−0.06 (−0.38, 0.25)	.001	−0.08 (−0.39, 0.24)	.001
	Childhood C2: Town (−1/2) vs. City (+1/2)	0.39 (−0.05, 0.82)	.013	0.26 (−0.08, 0.59)	.010	0.21 (−0.13, 0.54)	.007
	Number of persons at home: <5 (−1/2) vs. >5 (+1/2)	−0.07 (−0.41, 0.27)	.001	−0.03 (−0.29, 0.23)	<.001	0.03 (−0.22, 0.29)	<.001
	Province C1: KC (−2/3) vs. GB and KIN (+1/3)	1.50 (1.07, 1.93)***	.172	0.61 (0.23, 1.00)**	.042	0.43 (0.03, 0.82)*	.020
	Province C2: GB (−1/2) vs. KIN (+1/2)	−0.21 (−0.65, 0.24)	.004	−0.30 (−0.66, 0.05)	.012	−0.20 (−0.56, 0.15)	.006
Theory of Planned Behaviour (Block 2)
	Attitudes			0.16 (0.00, 0.32)*	.018	0.20 (0.04, 0.36)*	.028
	Subjective norms			0.41 (−0.05, 0.87)	.013	0.41 (−0.04, 0.86)	.014
	Perceived control			0.28 (0.16, 0.41)***	.079	0.28 (0.15, 0.40)***	.082
	Intentions			0.22 (0.08, 0.35)**	.043	0.19 (0.05, 0.32)**	.034
Emotions (Block 3)
	Fear (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)					−0.65 (−1.07, −0.23)**	.040
	Rejection (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)					0.04 (−0.44, 0.53)	<.001
	Repulsion (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)					−0.59 (−1.01, −0.17)**	.034
	Shame (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)					−0.54 (−1.13, 0.05)	.015
	Disdain (Absent = −1/2, Present = +1/2)					−0.15 (−0.52, 0.21)	.003
Model fit and comparison
	R^2	.21***		.55***		.58***
	Change in R^2	-		.34***		.03*

Note: Information in parentheses indicates the contrast code value. C1: Contrast code #1; C2: Contrast code #2.

GB: Grand Bandundu; KIN: Kinshasa; KC: Kongo Central.

*p < .050; **p < .010; ***p < .001; n = 238