Figures & data
Figure 1. Cracks on external walls and columns of buildings caused by deep excavation.
Figure 2. Location map for DTL3 C926 TPW Station.
Figure 3. Plan showing proximity of the TPW Station to the HDB Blocks.
Table 1. Summary table of soil parameters
Figure 4. Geological profiles along TPW Station.
Figure 5. Settlement contour around TPW Station due to deep excavation.
Figure 6. Building idealization for Stage II damage assessment.
Figure 7. Building deformation—partitioning between sagging and hogging.
Table 2. Relationship between category of damage and limiting tensile strain
Figure 8. Typical sections of ERSS for TPW station adjacent to the HDB Block 803.
Figure 9. Finite element meshes showing the pile foundation arrangement adjacent to a deep excavation (encircled closest pile considered in this study).
Figure 10. Vertical soil displacements due to the complete cycle of stage excavation and construction of the station structure.
Figure 11. Horizontal soil displacements due to the complete cycle of stage excavation and construction of the station structure.
Figure 12. Effective normal stress distribution on the pile closest to the excavation before and after excavation.
Figure 13. Comparison of development of skin friction on the pile closest to the excavation before and after excavation.
Figure 14. Variation of pile axial force with depth at the pile closest to the retaining wall before and after excavation.
