Evaluation of factors important to enhance productivity

Figures & data

Table 1. Productivity concept and definitions from various websites

Concept	Computation/Implications	References
Average measure of efficiency of production	Ratio of output and inputs used in the production process	Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity
Measure of efficiency of person, machine, factory, and/or system in converting inputs into useful outputs; Productivity may be a key determinant of cost efficiency	Productivity may be evaluated by dividing average output per period by the total costs incurred	Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/productivity.html
Economic measure of output per unit of input; Inputs include labor and capital, there as output may be measured in revenues and other GDP components	Productivity measures may be examined collectively (across whole economy) or evaluated industry by industry to examine trends in wage levels, labor growth, and improvements in technologies	Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/productivity.asp
Productivity is the effective use of innovation and resources to increase the value-added content of products/services	Productivity is the true source of competitive advantage that creates long-term economic viability and a better standard of living	Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.hkpc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106&Itemid=270&lang=en
Productivity is often utilized at workplace; It may be described as performance of individual worker/department/industry	It can be evaluated in percentage; Sometimes, productivity is used in relation to farming	Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/productivity
Productivity is ratio of outputs and inputs	It may be referred to output volume from given inputs volume; If organization becomes more productive, then it may be implied as that organization is known more efficient	Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.dineshbakshi.com/as-a-level-business-studies/operations-management/104-revision-notes/1409-meaning-of-productivity
Rate at which products/services are offered /produced	It can be referred as goal accomplishment measure	Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/productivity

Table 2. Identification of factors to enhance productivity from literature

S. No.	Factors to enhance Productivity	References
1.	Proactive employees	Campbell (2000), Cooper and Cartwright (1994), Erdogan and Bauer (2005), Burton, Conti, Chen, Schultz, and Edington (1999)
2.	Accountability	Tausky and Chelte (1983), Mamiseishvili and Rosser (2011), Cohen et al. (2012)
3.	Follow-up	Eriksson and Lindroos (2014), De Putter et al. (2012)
4.	Manage the work force but avoid micromanagement	Martin (2005), Head (2007), Wright (2000), Broedling et al. (1980), White (2010)
5.	Encourage, motivate, reward, and recognize	Bartol and Srivastava (2002), Fairbank and Williams (2001), Manzoor (2012), Chang and Mills (2013), Karia and Hasmi Abu Hassan Asaari (2006), Dike (2005)
6.	Reach out to employees by seeking them out	Eccles, Perkins, and Serafeim (2012), Gill, Koettl, and Packard (2013),
7.	Demand realistic targets	Kirk (1990), Caballero, Gómez, and Ruiz (2009), Donnellan and Hennessy (2007)
8.	Team work	Wheelan, Burchill, and Tilin (2003), Gallie, Zhou, Felstead, and Green (2012), O’leary, Mortensen, and Woolley (2011), Bartel, Beaulieu, Phibbs, and Stone (2014), Tohidi (2011)
9.	Break the monotony and rotate	Kumar, Kumar, and Haleem (2014), Kumar, Luthra, Haleem, Garg and Singh (2014), Diego-Mas, Asensio-Cuesta, Sanchez-Romero, and Artacho-Ramirez (2009), Synwoldt and Gellerstedt (2003), Nichols, Rosenberg, Majoni, and Mukanjari (2014)
10.	Courses and improvement options	De Grip and Sauermann (2013)
11.	Tools and equipment to raise productivity	Kumar, Kumar, Haleem, and Gahlot (2013), Cusumano (1988), Malmir, Khalili, and Damirchi (2012), Colak, Cetin, Yilmaz, Yildiz, and Korkmaz (2013)
12.	Availability of water, power, and other input supplies	Allcott, Collard-Wexler, and O’Connell (2014), Tersoo (2014)
13.	Positive attitude and involvement of management	Carmeli (2003), Karia and Hasmi Abu Hassan Asaari (2006), Alfes, Shantz, Truss, and Soane (2013), Holden (2011), Vail et al. (2012), Kumar, Luthra, Garg, and Haleem (2014)
14.	Encouragement to effective communication	Kupperschmidt (2000), Leblebici (2012), Ruck and Welch (2012), Daim et al. (2012), Aral, Brynjolfsson, and Van Alstyne (2012), Kumar, Singh, and Haleem (2014)
15.	Good working conditions	Luthra, Kumar, Kharb, Ansari, and Shimmi (2014), Locke and Romis (2012), Ali, Ali, and Adan (2013), Jaskiewicz and Tulenko (2012), Sandeep, Sanjay, Pardeep, and Abid (2013)

Table 3. Rating of factors assigned by experts

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
1	1	3.00	2.00	4.00	2.00	3.00	4.00	1.00	5.00	2.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	2.00	1.00
2	0.33	1	1.00	2.00	1.00	2.00	1.00	1.00	4.00	2.00	0.50	0.50	0.33	0.50	0.33
3	0.50	1.00	1	0.50	1.00	3.00	1.00	1.00	3.00	0.50	0.33	0.33	0.20	1.00	1.00
4	0.25	0.50	2.00	1	0.33	1.00	0.50	0.50	2.00	1.00	0.33	0.50	0.20	1.00	0.25
5	0.50	1.00	1.00	3.00	1	3.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50	0.33	0.50	0.50
6	0.33	0.50	0.33	1.00	0.33	1	0.33	0.33	0.50	0.33	0.25	0.25	0.17	0.33	0.20
7	0.25	1.00	1.00	2.00	1.00	3.00	1	1.00	2.00	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.25	0.33	0.50
8	1.00	1.00	1.00	2.00	1.00	3.00	1.00	1	2.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	1.00	1.00
9	0.20	0.25	0.33	0.50	1.00	2.00	0.50	0.50	1	0.33	0.25	0.25	0.20	0.25	0.20
10	0.50	0.50	2.00	1.00	1.00	3.00	3.00	1.00	3.00	1	0.50	0.50	0.33	0.50	0.50
11	1.00	2.00	3.00	3.00	2.00	4.00	3.00	1.00	4.00	2.00	1	1.00	0.50	1.00	1.00
12	1.00	2.00	3.00	2.00	2.00	4.00	3.00	1.00	4.00	2.00	1.00	1	0.50	1.00	1.00
13	2.00	3.00	5.00	5.00	3.00	6.00	4.00	2.00	5.00	3.00	2.00	2.00	1	4.00	2.00
14	0.50	2.00	1.00	1.00	2.00	3.00	3.00	1.00	4.00	2.00	1.00	1.00	0.25	1	0.50
15	1.00	3.00	1.00	4.00	2.00	5.00	2.00	1.00	5.00	2.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	2.00	1

Notes:

Number of comparisons = 105.

Consistency Ratio CR = 3.8%.

Principal eigenvalue = 15.853.

Eigen vector solution: 4 iterations, delta = 3.8E−8.

Table 4. Priority matrix of factors

Factors	Priorities (%)	Rank
1. Proactive employees	10.1	2
2. Accountability	5.1	9
3. Follow-up	4.7	11
4. Manage the work force but avoid micromanagement	3.6	13
5. Encourage, motivate, reward, and recognize	4.9	10
6. Reach out to employees by seeking them out	2.1	15
7. Demand realistic targets	4.1	12
8. Team work	6.4	7
9. Break the monotony and rotate	2.3	14
10. Courses and improvement options	5.4	8
11. Tools and equipment to raise productivity	9.2	4
12. Availability of water, power, and other input supplies	8.9	5
13. Positive attitude and involvement of management	16.5	1
14. Encouragement to effective communication	7.1	6
15. Good working conditions	9.6	3

Table 5. Priority matrix of perspectives

Perspectives	Factors	Priorities of factors (%)	Priorities of perspectives (%)	Rank of perspectives
Human resource perspective	Team work	6.4	24.0	II
	Reach out to employees by seeking them out (Humane approach)	2.1
	Proactive employees	10.1
	Courses and improvement options (Training)	5.4
Task perspective	Accountability	5.1	17.5	III
	Follow-up	4.7
	Demand realistic targets	4.1
	Manage the work force but avoid micromanagement	3.6
Motivation perspective	Encourage, motivate, reward, and recognize	4.9	14.3	IV
	Break the monotony and rotate	2.3
	Encouragement to effective communication	7.1
Top management perspective	Tools and equipment to raise productivity	9.2	44.2	I
	Availability of water, power, and other input supplies	8.9
	Positive attitude and involvement of management	16.5
	Good working conditions	9.6

Note: Bold values show rank of perspectives which has been discussed in Section 5.2.

Figure 1. Perspectives’ importance

Figure 2. KUMADUHAL’s hierarchy of productivity factors’ perspectives

Figure 3. Action plan to enhance productivity

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