Studies on the properties of pervious fly ash–cement concrete as a pavement material

Figures & data

Table 1. Physical properties of cement and fly ash

Property	Cement	Fly ash
Standard consistency	33.5%	35%
Initial setting time	35 min	40 min
Final setting time	160 min	250 min
Soundness	1 mm	0 mm
Specific gravity	3.15	2.45

Table 2. Chemical properties of fly ash

Chemical composition	Value (%)
Loss of ignition	2.52
Silica as Sio2	51.56
Iron as Fe2o3	7.15
Alumina as Al2 o3	23.23
Calcium as Cao	10.78
Magnesium as Mgo	2.90
Sulphur as So3	1.85

Figure 1. Particle size distribution of fly ash.

Table 3. Designation of mix series and the corresponding designation of mixes in the series

Designation of mix series	Designation of “mixes”	No. of mixes	Remarks
PC	PC1S1 to PC3S1	3	Control mixes with cement, but without fines
PCF1	PC2F1S1 and PC3F1S1	2	Control mixes with 10% replacement of cement by fly ash, but without fines
PCF2	PC2F2S1 and PC3F2S1	2	Control mixes with 20% replacement of cement by fly ash, but without fines
PCS1	PC1S2 to PC3S2	3	PC mix series with 5% fines
PCF1S1	PC2F1S2 and PC3F1S2	2	PCF1 mix series with 5% fines
PCF2S1	PC2F2S2 and PC3F2S2	2	PCF2 mix series with 5% fines
PCS2	PC1S3 to PC3S3	3	PC mix series with 10% fines
PCF1S2	PC2F1S3 and PC3F1S3	2	PCF1 mix series with 10% fines
PCF2S2	PC2F2S3 and PC3F2S3	2	PCF2 mix series with 10% fines
PCS3	PC1S4 to PC3S4	3	PC mix series with 15% fines
PCF1S3	PC2F1S4 and PC3F1S4	2	PCF1 mix series with 15% fines
PCF2S3	PC2F2S4 and PC3F2S4	2	PCF2 mix series with 15% fines

Table 4. Details (cement content of 250 kg/m³ and for two levels of replacement of cement by fly ash) of mix proportion for a typical pervious concrete

Mix designation	Cement content (kg/m^3)	Fly ash (kg/m^3)	Fine aggregate (kg/m^3)	Coarse aggregate (kg/m^3)
PC2S1	250	0	0	1,640
PC2S2	250	0	82	1,590
PC2S3	250	0	164	1,540
PC2S4	250	0	246	1,474
PC2F1S1	225	19.5	0	1,640
PC2F1S2	225	19.5	82	1,590
PC2F1S3	225	19.5	164	1,540
PC2F1S4	225	19.5	246	1,474
PC2F2S1	200	39	0	1,640
PC2F2S2	200	39	82	1,590
PC2F2S3	200	39	164	1,540
PC2F2S4	200	39	246	1,474

Notes: PC1, PC2, and PC3 are denote cement content 200, 250 and 300 in kg/m³, in the mixes, with plasticizer; S1, S2, S3, S4 are denote the percentage of fine aggregates 0, 5, 10, 15%, respectively, used in the mix; F1 and F2 are 10 and 20% replacement of cement by fly ash in the mixes.

Figure 2. Experimental setup of permeability testing.

Figure 3. Density of pervious concrete for various cement contents, percentage of fines and fly ash replacements.

Figure 4. Compressive strength of pervious concrete for various cement contents, percentage of fines and fly ash replacements.

Figure 5. Compressive strength of pervious cement concrete for various cement contents and percentage of fine aggregates.

Figure 6. Compressive strength of pervious fly ash–cement for various binder contents and percentage of fines (10% fly ash replacement).

Figure 7. Compressive strength of pervious fly ash–cement for various binder contents and percentage of fines (20% fly ash replacement).

Table 5. Strength requirements for LCC and DLC as per Indian Standards

Purpose	Compressive strength (MPa)	Reference
Lean cement concrete (LCC) for base/sub base of flexible pavement	3.7–7.2 (at 28 days)	IRC74-1979 (1979)
Dry lean concrete (DLC) for sub-base of rigid pavement	7.0 (at 7 days)	IRCSP49-2014 (2014)
		IRC58-2015 (2015)

Table 6. Comparison of the compressive strength of pervious concretes with and without plasticizer, for the cement content of 250 kg/m³

Binder type	Fines (%)	Compressive strength (MPa)		Remarks
		Without plasticizer*	With plasticizer
Cement (100%)	5	7.5	8.97	Overall improvement in strength 13.38% (marginal)
	10	9.2	10.90
	15	10.8	11.70
Fly ash and cement (20 and 80%)	5	6.19	8.11	Overall improvement in strength 17.48% (there is slight improvement)
	10	7.40	9.34
	15	9.33	10.14

^* The details of results are presented elsewhere (Uma Maguesvari & Sundararajan, in press).

Figure 8. Compressive strength of pervious concrete for various cement contents and fly ash replacement and fine aggregate content on 7 and 28 days.

Figure 9. Flexural strength of pervious concrete for various cement contents, fly ash replacement and percentage of fine aggregate.

Figure 10. Split tensile strength of pervious concrete for various cement contents, fly ash replacement and percentage of fine aggregate.

Figure 11. Total void of pervious concrete for various cement contents, percentage of fines and fly ash replacements.

Figure 12. Influence of cement contents, percentage of fines and fly ash on the permeability of pervious concretes.

Figure 13. Effect of total void on the compressive strength of pervious cement concrete.

Figure 14. Effect of total void on the compressive strength of pervious fly ash–cement concretes (10% fly ash replacement).

Figure 15. Effect of total void on the compressive strength of pervious fly ash–cement concretes (20% fly ash replacement).

Figure 16. Effect of permeable voids on the permeability of pervious cement concrete.

Figure 17. Effect of permeable voids on the permeability of fly ash–cement concretes (10% fly ash replacement).

Figure 18. Effect of permeable voids on the permeability of fly ash–cement concretes (20% fly ash replacement).

Figure 19. Effect of total void on the weight loss (sand blasting) of pervious cement concrete.

Figure 20. Effect of total void on the cantabro loss of pervious cement concrete.

Figure 21. Effect of total void on the weight loss (sand blasting) of fly ash–cement concretes (10% fly ash replacement).

Figure 22. Effect of total void on the weight loss (sand blasting) of fly ash–cement concretes (20% fly ash replacement).

Figure 23. Effect of total void on the cantabro loss of fly ash–cement concretes (10% fly ash replacement).

Figure 24. Effect of total void on the cantabro loss of fly ash–cement concretes (20% fly ash replacement).

IRC74-1979. (1979). Tentative guidelines for lean-cement concrete and lean cement fly ash concrete as a pavement base or sub base.

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IRCSP49-2014. (2014). Guidelines for the use of dry lean concrete as sub-base for rigid pavement - 1st Revision 2014.

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IRC58-2015. (2015). Guidelines for the design of plain jointed rigid pavements for highways - 4th Revision..

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Uma Maguesvari, M., & Sundararajan, T. (in press). Influence of fly ash and fine aggregates on the characteristics of pervious concrete. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research.

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