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Research Article

State of the art baby strollers: Design review and the innovations of an ergonomic baby stroller

& | (Reviewing Editor)
Article: 1333273 | Received 18 Jan 2017, Accepted 18 May 2017, Published online: 05 Jun 2017

Figures & data

Figure 1. An early stroller (Leech, Citation1847).

Figure 1. An early stroller (Leech, Citation1847).

Figure 2. Baby stroller designs in 1980 (Kassai, Citation1980; Nakao et al., Citation1980).

Figure 2. Baby stroller designs in 1980 (Kassai, Citation1980; Nakao et al., Citation1980).

Figure 3. Baby stroller designs in 1981 (Ettridge, Citation1981; Fleischer, Citation1981).

Figure 3. Baby stroller designs in 1981 (Ettridge, Citation1981; Fleischer, Citation1981).

Figure 4. Baby stroller designs in 1982 (Giordani, Citation1982; Perego, Citation1982a, Citation1982b).

Figure 4. Baby stroller designs in 1982 (Giordani, Citation1982; Perego, Citation1982a, Citation1982b).

Figure 5. Baby stroller designs in 1983 (de la Fe, Citation1983; Duvignacq, Citation1983; Voytko & Boudreau, Citation1983).

Figure 5. Baby stroller designs in 1983 (de la Fe, Citation1983; Duvignacq, Citation1983; Voytko & Boudreau, Citation1983).

Figure 6. Baby stroller designs in 1984 (Guillaume, Citation1984; Hyde & Carmichael, Citation1984; Surot, Citation1984).

Figure 6. Baby stroller designs in 1984 (Guillaume, Citation1984; Hyde & Carmichael, Citation1984; Surot, Citation1984).

Figure 7. Baby stroller designs in 1985 (Alldén, Citation1985; Miyagi, Citation1985; Nakao et al., Citation1985; Shamie, Citation1985).

Figure 7. Baby stroller designs in 1985 (Alldén, Citation1985; Miyagi, Citation1985; Nakao et al., Citation1985; Shamie, Citation1985).

Figure 8. Baby stroller designs in 1986 (Cone, Citation1986; Harada & Harada, Citation1986; Kassai, Citation1986).

Figure 8. Baby stroller designs in 1986 (Cone, Citation1986; Harada & Harada, Citation1986; Kassai, Citation1986).

Figure 9. Baby stroller designs in 1987 (Bigo, Citation1987; Kassai, Citation1987; Mar, Citation1987).

Figure 9. Baby stroller designs in 1987 (Bigo, Citation1987; Kassai, Citation1987; Mar, Citation1987).

Figure 10. Baby stroller designs in 1988 (Perego, Citation1988; Shamie, Citation1988; Tucker & Weiswurm, Citation1988).

Figure 10. Baby stroller designs in 1988 (Perego, Citation1988; Shamie, Citation1988; Tucker & Weiswurm, Citation1988).

Figure 11. Baby stroller designs in 1989 (Gebhard, Citation1989; LaFreniere, Citation1989; Nakao et al., Citation1989; Yanus, Citation1989).

Figure 11. Baby stroller designs in 1989 (Gebhard, Citation1989; LaFreniere, Citation1989; Nakao et al., Citation1989; Yanus, Citation1989).

Figure 12. Baby stroller designs in1990 (Cabagnero, Citation1990; Chen, Citation1990; Sadler, Citation1990; Takahashi & Katou, Citation1990).

Figure 12. Baby stroller designs in1990 (Cabagnero, Citation1990; Chen, Citation1990; Sadler, Citation1990; Takahashi & Katou, Citation1990).

Figure 13. Baby stroller designs in 1991 (Bigo, Citation1991; Lockett et al., Citation1991; Wang, Citation1991).

Figure 13. Baby stroller designs in 1991 (Bigo, Citation1991; Lockett et al., Citation1991; Wang, Citation1991).

Figure 14. Baby stroller designs in 1992 (Chen, Citation1992; Cone, Citation1992; March, Citation1992; Owens, Citation1992).

Figure 14. Baby stroller designs in 1992 (Chen, Citation1992; Cone, Citation1992; March, Citation1992; Owens, Citation1992).

Figure 15. Baby stroller designs in 1993 (Chaw & Hwang, Citation1993; Garforth-Bles, Citation1993; Kato & Arai, Citation1993).

Figure 15. Baby stroller designs in 1993 (Chaw & Hwang, Citation1993; Garforth-Bles, Citation1993; Kato & Arai, Citation1993).

Figure 16. Baby stroller designs in 1994 (Chen, Citation1994; Garforth-Bles, Citation1994; Smith, Citation1994).

Figure 16. Baby stroller designs in 1994 (Chen, Citation1994; Garforth-Bles, Citation1994; Smith, Citation1994).

Figure 17. Baby stroller designs in 1995 (Andrisin, Citation1995; Bigo, Citation1995; Wang, Citation1995).

Figure 17. Baby stroller designs in 1995 (Andrisin, Citation1995; Bigo, Citation1995; Wang, Citation1995).

Figure 18. Baby stroller designs in 1996 (Aitken, Citation1996; Huang, Citation1996; Kitayama, Citation1996).

Figure 18. Baby stroller designs in 1996 (Aitken, Citation1996; Huang, Citation1996; Kitayama, Citation1996).

Figure 19. Baby stroller designs in 1997 (Eichhorn, Citation1997; Graziano & Graziano, Citation1997; Kolbus, Citation1997).

Figure 19. Baby stroller designs in 1997 (Eichhorn, Citation1997; Graziano & Graziano, Citation1997; Kolbus, Citation1997).

Figure 20. Baby stroller designs in 1998 (Huang, Citation1998; Saint & Pike, Citation1998; Wang, Citation1998).

Figure 20. Baby stroller designs in 1998 (Huang, Citation1998; Saint & Pike, Citation1998; Wang, Citation1998).

Figure 21. Baby stroller designs in 1999 (Andrus, Citation1999; Chen et al., Citation1999; Davidson, Citation1999).

Figure 21. Baby stroller designs in 1999 (Andrus, Citation1999; Chen et al., Citation1999; Davidson, Citation1999).

Figure 22. Baby stroller designs in 2000 (Hartenstine, Citation2000; Lan, Citation2000; Rura, Citation2000).

Figure 22. Baby stroller designs in 2000 (Hartenstine, Citation2000; Lan, Citation2000; Rura, Citation2000).

Figure 23. Baby stroller designs in 2001 (Anderson, Citation2001; Glover et al., Citation2001; Worth, Citation2001).

Figure 23. Baby stroller designs in 2001 (Anderson, Citation2001; Glover et al., Citation2001; Worth, Citation2001).

Figure 24. Baby stroller designs in 2002 (Hsia, Citation2002; Suh, Citation2002; Suzuki, Citation2002).

Figure 24. Baby stroller designs in 2002 (Hsia, Citation2002; Suh, Citation2002; Suzuki, Citation2002).

Figure 25. Baby stroller designs in 2003 (Barenbrug, Citation2003; Hsia, Citation2003; O’Shen & Ayre, Citation2003).

Figure 25. Baby stroller designs in 2003 (Barenbrug, Citation2003; Hsia, Citation2003; O’Shen & Ayre, Citation2003).

Figure 26. Baby stroller designs in 2004 (Hanson, Citation2004; Lan, Citation2004; Lin, Citation2004).

Figure 26. Baby stroller designs in 2004 (Hanson, Citation2004; Lan, Citation2004; Lin, Citation2004).

Figure 27. Baby stroller designs in 2005 (Bretschger & Myers, Citation2005; Guo, Citation2005; Yoshie et al., Citation2005).

Figure 27. Baby stroller designs in 2005 (Bretschger & Myers, Citation2005; Guo, Citation2005; Yoshie et al., Citation2005).

Figure 28. Baby stroller designs in 2006 (Besaw, Citation2006; Knight, Citation2006; Sedlack, Citation2006).

Figure 28. Baby stroller designs in 2006 (Besaw, Citation2006; Knight, Citation2006; Sedlack, Citation2006).

Figure 29. Baby stroller designs in 2007 (Chen, Citation2007; Espenshade et al., Citation2007; Madigan et al., Citation2007).

Figure 29. Baby stroller designs in 2007 (Chen, Citation2007; Espenshade et al., Citation2007; Madigan et al., Citation2007).

Figure 30. Baby stroller designs in 2008 (Lan, Citation2008; Lui, Citation2008; Yeh et al., Citation2008).

Figure 30. Baby stroller designs in 2008 (Lan, Citation2008; Lui, Citation2008; Yeh et al., Citation2008).

Figure 31. Baby stroller designs in 2009 (Huang, Citation2009; Cheng, Citation2009; Yoshie & Ukitsu, Citation2009).

Figure 31. Baby stroller designs in 2009 (Huang, Citation2009; Cheng, Citation2009; Yoshie & Ukitsu, Citation2009).

Figure 32. Baby stroller designs in 2010 (Cone, Citation2010; Hou, Citation2010; Longenecker & Williams, Citation2010).

Figure 32. Baby stroller designs in 2010 (Cone, Citation2010; Hou, Citation2010; Longenecker & Williams, Citation2010).

Figure 33. Baby stroller designs in 2011 (Chen & Zhong, Citation2011; Cone, Citation2011; Yeh, Citation2011).

Figure 33. Baby stroller designs in 2011 (Chen & Zhong, Citation2011; Cone, Citation2011; Yeh, Citation2011).

Figure 34. Baby stroller designs in 2012 (Fritz et al., Citation2012; Longenecker & Greger, Citation2012; Saville et al., Citation2012).

Figure 34. Baby stroller designs in 2012 (Fritz et al., Citation2012; Longenecker & Greger, Citation2012; Saville et al., Citation2012).

Figure 35. Baby stroller designs in 2013 (Chen & Li, Citation2013; Chen & Xiao, Citation2013; Li, Citation2013).

Figure 35. Baby stroller designs in 2013 (Chen & Li, Citation2013; Chen & Xiao, Citation2013; Li, Citation2013).

Figure 36. Baby stroller designs in 2014 (Adolfsson & Thalen, Citation2014; Conrad & Chen, Citation2014; Hatfield & Tena, Citation2014).

Figure 36. Baby stroller designs in 2014 (Adolfsson & Thalen, Citation2014; Conrad & Chen, Citation2014; Hatfield & Tena, Citation2014).

Figure 37. Seat cross-section.

Figure 37. Seat cross-section.

Figure 38. Perforated holes on seat.

Figure 38. Perforated holes on seat.

Figure 39. Seat with attachment.

Figure 39. Seat with attachment.

Figure 40. Fan attachment.

Figure 40. Fan attachment.

Figure 41. Canopy.

Figure 41. Canopy.

Figure 42. Headlight attachment.

Figure 42. Headlight attachment.

Figure 43. Rocking mechanism.

Figure 43. Rocking mechanism.

Figure 44. Latch in open position.

Figure 44. Latch in open position.

Figure 45. Stroller front.

Figure 45. Stroller front.

Figure 46. Stroller back.

Figure 46. Stroller back.

Figure 47. Frame cross-section (Sanders, Citation2001).

Figure 47. Frame cross-section (Sanders, Citation2001).

Figure 48. Baby facing front.

Figure 48. Baby facing front.

Figure 49. Baby facing back.

Figure 49. Baby facing back.

Figure 50. Lady pushing stroller.

Figure 50. Lady pushing stroller.

Figure 51. Attachment holder.

Figure 51. Attachment holder.

Figure 52. Open position.

Figure 52. Open position.

Figure 53. Folded position.

Figure 53. Folded position.

Figure 54. Hooks.

Figure 54. Hooks.

Figure 55. Stroller attached to a trolley.

Figure 55. Stroller attached to a trolley.

Figure 56. Stroller handle.

Figure 56. Stroller handle.

Figure 57. Hand position.

Figure 57. Hand position.

Figure 58. Tyres.

Figure 58. Tyres.

Figure 59. Seat with headlight attachment.

Figure 59. Seat with headlight attachment.

Figure 60. Rotating headlight.

Figure 60. Rotating headlight.

Figure 61. Seat with fans attachment.

Figure 61. Seat with fans attachment.

Figure 62. Back view of fans attachment.

Figure 62. Back view of fans attachment.

Figure 63. Seat with head guard attachment.

Figure 63. Seat with head guard attachment.

Figure 64. Mounting mechanism.

Figure 64. Mounting mechanism.

Figure 65. Cross-section of seat with head guard attached.

Figure 65. Cross-section of seat with head guard attached.

Figure 66. Five-point harnessing system.

Figure 66. Five-point harnessing system.