Comparative study of the use of natural and artificial coagulants for the treatment of sullage (domestic wastewater)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Cassava tubers, Moringa seeds and Alum in the crystalline anhydrous form.

Source: tropilab.com/manihot (2014); Kumar, Rubha, Manivasagan, Babu, and Balaji (2012), Wikipedia (2014).

Figure 2. Beakers of sullage immediately after stirring.

Table 1. Field layout of various coagulant optimum doses

Sample number	Mixtures of optimum dosage	Percentage of optimum dosage
L1	Control	No coagulant
L2	M100	100% Moringa
L3	M70C30	70% Moringa, 30% Cassava
L4	M70A30	70% Moringa, 30% Alum
L5	M50C50	50% Moringa, 50% Cassava
L6	C100	100% Cassava
L7	C70M30	70% Cassava, 30% Moringa
L8	C70A30	70% Cassava, 30% Alum
L9	C50A50	50% Cassava, 50% Alum
L10	A100	100% Alum
L11	A70M30	70% Alum, 30% Moringa
L12	A70C30	70% Alum, 30% Cassava
L13	A50M50	50% Alum, 50% Moringa

Figure 3. Jar test beakers of treated sullage with different coagulants after an hour.

Table 2. Operational coagulant doses for jar test

S/No	Coagulant type	Dosage
		I (mg/l)	II (mg/l)	III (mg/l)
1	Moringa powder	50	100	200
2	Cassava powder	200	400	1,000
3	Alum powder	10	30	50

Table 3. Separation of significant differences between the mean% reductions of chemical properties of sullage at different rate of application by Fishers least significant difference (FLSD) at 5% probability level

% dosages	Turbidity (NTU)	pH	BOD5 (mg/l)	P (mg/l)	N (mg/l)	Ca (mg/l)	CaCO3 (mg/l)	Coliform (cfu/100 ml)
L1	102.5 ± 0.1^a	6.8 ± 0.1^a	5.2 ± 0.01^a	1.56 ± 0.01^a	15.4 ± 0.02^a	8.4 ± 0.01^a	21 ± 0.1^a	200 ± 1^a
L2	9.8 ± 0.1^b	6.8 ± 0^a	2.3 ± 0.01^b	0.174 ± 3.399E-17^b	7 ± 0.1^b	3.16 ± 0.01^b	10.4 ± 0^b	5 ± 1^b
L3	39.7 ± 0.1^c	7.1 ± 1.088E-15^b	3.6 ± 0.01^c	0.105 ± 0.001^c	8 ± 0^c	2.18 ± 0.01^c	5.45 ± 0^c	10 ± 0^c
L4	13.2 ± 0.1^d	6.7 ± 0^c	1.4 ± 0.01^d	0.113 ± 0.001^d	6.9 ± 0.1^b	2.75 ± 0.01^d	6.65 ± 0.02^d	11 ± 0^d
L5	51.2 ± 0.1^e	6.9 ± 1.088E-15^d	2.5 ± 0.01^e	0.105 ± 0^c	7.2 ± 0.1^d	4.7 ± 0^e	11.75 ± 0.01^e	11 ± 0^d
L6	55.5 ± 0.1^f	6.9 ± 1.088E-15^d	3.3 ± 0.1^f	0.054 ± 0.001^e	8.1 ± 0.1^c	0.76 ± 0.01^f	1.90 ± 0.05^f	18 ± 0^e
L7	57 ± 0.1^g	6.8 ± 0^a	3.5 ± 0.05^c	0.054 ± 0.001^e	5.59 ± 0.01^e	1.25 ± 0.01^g	3.13 ± 0.02^g	15 ± 0^f
L8	22.6 ± 0.1^h	7.3 ± 0^e	3.8 ± 0.01^g	0.044 ± 0.001^f	5.6 ± 1.088E-15^c	1.06 ± 0.01^h	2.65 ± 0.01^h	17 ± 0^g
L9	19 ± 0.173^i	6.7 ± 0^c	2.2 ± 0.1^h	0.062 ± 0^g	6 ± 0^f	2.63 ± 0^i	6.58 ± 1.087E-15^i	10 ± 0^c
L10	4.2 ± 0.2^j	6.2 ± 0^f	2 ± 0.1^i	0.092 ± 0.001^h	4.1 ± 0.1^g	2.75 ± 0.01^d	6.85 ± 0.0173^j	3 ± 1^h
L11	9.2 ± 0^k	6.5 ± 0^g	2.3 ± 0.1^b	0.076 ± 0.001^i	8.6 ± 0.173^e	3.62 ± 0.01^j	9.05 ± 0.05^k	12 ± 0^i
L12	14.8 ± 0.23^l	6.6 ± 1.088E-15^h	0.90 ± 0.1^j	0.069 ± 0^j	8.1 ± 0^cf	4.16 ± 0^k	10.40 ± 0^l	12 ± 0^i
L13	5 ± 0.1^m	7.2 ± 0^i	3.8 ± 0.1^g	0.099 ± 1.67E-17^k	8.3 ± 0.173^f	2.9 ± 0.1^l	8.25 ± 0^m	5 ± 0^b

Note: Mean values followed by the same letters (superscript) in the same column are statistically the same at p < 0.05 levels.

Figure 4. Bar chart showing mean concentrations of chemical properties of sullage in relation to World Health Organization (2017) standards.

Table 4. Analysis of variance for Turbidity, pH, BOD, Ca, Hardness, N, P and Coliform

	Source of variation	df	SS	MS	VR	F pr.<0.05
1	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage of BOD mg/l	12	48.447692	4.037308	831.77	<0.001*
	Residual	26	0.126200	0.004854
	Total	38	48.573892
2	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage of CaCO3 mg/l	12	879.36711	73.28059	58,444.64	<0.001*
	Residual	26	0.032600	0.001254
	Total	38	879.39971
3	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage of Ca mg/l	12	1.405E+02	1.17E+01	13,966.62	<0.001*
	Residual	26	2.180E-02	8.39E-04
	Total	38	1.405E+02
4	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage of Coliform count cfu/100 ml	12	96,926.7692	8,077.231	26,251.00	<0.001*
	Residual	26	8.0000	0.3077
	Total	38	96,934.7692
5	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage of N_mg_l	12	256.020000	21.33500	2,510.00	<0.001*
	Residual	26	0.221000	0.008500
	Total	38	256.241000
6	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage P_mg_l	12	6.049E+00	5.04E-01	61,248.75	<0.001*
	Residual	26	2.140E-04	8.23E-06
	Total	38	6.050E+00
7	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage Turbidity_after_treatment_NTU	12	2.769E+04	2.31E+03	1.4E+05	<0.001*
	Residual	26	4.267E-01	1.64E-02
	Total	38	2.769E+04
8	%_mixtures_of_optimum_dosage pH_after_treatment	12	3.0876923	0.257308	334.50	<0.001*
	Residual	26	0.0200000	0.00077
	Total	38	3.1076923

Notes: * = Significant (5% level); df = degree of freedom, SS = sum of squares, MS = mean square, VR = variates, F pr. = F-value.

Tropilab. (2014). Retrieved January, 2015, from www.tropilab.com/manihot-esc.html

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Wikipedia. (2014). Alum. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum (p. 631). Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254637/1/9789241549950-eng.pdf?ua=1

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