Intelligent GPS trace management for human mobility pattern detection

Figures & data

Figure 1. ER model of the GPS trace management system.

Figure 2. Logical model of the GPS trace management system.

Figure 3. Client-server system.

Figure 4. Front-end of the GPS trace management system: (a) user page, (b) trace manager page, (c) user manager page.

Figure 5. GPS traces from GeoLife project.

Table 1. Statistics of GPS traces for each user

User name	Number of GPS traces	Number of Points	Total length (km)	Total duration (hour)	Average speed (m/s)
1	446	106,447	2,048	131.42	4.33
2	335	193,595	5,809	206.19	7.83
3	23	304	488	9.32	14.54
4	34	1,661	108	10.35	2.90
5	43	9,709	166	13.23	3.49
6	424	338,864	3,830	206.56	5.15
7	27	4,573	195	17.70	3.06
8	1	544	4	0.30	3.70
9	60	35,840	826	24.01	9.56
10	126	62,215	865	46.25	5.20
11	461	322,395	3,731	276.45	3.75
12	1,221	524,080	6,627	407.39	4.52
13	178	5,191	416	25.48	4.54
14	125	56,889	302	31.67	2.65
15	18	2,640	183	10.11	5.03
16	232	74,849	1,026	93.21	3.06
17	154	115,094	4,557	132.78	9.53
18	38	22,951	523	29.30	4.96
19	140	67,853	1,134	71.43	4.41
20	74	50,306	358	33.31	2.99
21	475	344,187	4,233	242.44	4.85
22	967	475,492	34,047	737.50	12.82
23	20	4,384	167	11.05	4.20
24	19	387	58	4.39	3.67
25	27	1,691	65	11.45	1.58
26	46	1,323	237	18.33	3.59
27	1,119	348,466	5,315	290.62	5.08
28	48	2,587	143	17.14	2.32
29	37	802	403	6.28	17.83
30	162	95,034	4,373	111.23	10.92
31	904	584,153	4,934	335.31	4.09
32	527	238,172	1883	144.15	3.63
Overall	8,511	4,092,678	89,053	3,706.33	6.67

Table 2. Statistics of GPS traces for each transportation mode

Transportation mode	Number of GPS traces	Number of Points	Total length (km)	Total duration (hour)	Average speed (m/s)
Walk	3,936	1,499,999	8,052	1,362.84	1.64
Run	3	3,186	22	2.83	2.16
Bike	1,152	562,468	4,771	450.00	2.95
Car	799	524,127	23,015	652.99	9.79
Driving meet congestion	1	182	5	0.21	6.61
Motorcycle	2	336	4	0.19	5.85
Taxi	372	140,458	3,293	117.93	7.76
Bus	1,554	981,868	18,806	788.76	6.62
Subway	596	224,060	6,819	204.51	9.26
Train and railway	77	139,530	7882	98.83	22.15
Plane and airplane	13	12,863	16,264	23.47	192.49
Boat	7	3,601	119	4.27	7.74
Overall	8,511	4,092,678	89,053	3,706.33	6.67

Figure 6. POIs over all transportation modes.

Figure 7. POIs over car GPS traces.

Figure 8. POIs over walking and running GPS traces.

Figure 9. POIs over bus GPS traces.

Figure 10. POIs over biking GPS traces.

Figure 11. Box plot for sampling rate of walking GPS traces for different people.

Figure 12. Box plot for speed of walking GPS traces for different people.

Figure 13. Box plot for longitude of walking GPS traces for different people.

Figure 14. Box plot for latitude of walking GPS traces for different people.

Table 3. Correlation coefficient between pairs of features.

Sampling rate vs. longitude	Sampling rate vs. latitude	Sampling rate vs. speed	Longitude vs. latitude	Longitude vs. speed	Latitude vs. speed
0.001	−0.088	0.009	0.039	0.006	−0.034

Figure 15. The overall accuracy of LSVM and NLSVM vs. the smoothing parameter (C).

Figure 16. The overall accuracy of different classifiers.

Figure 17. Sample size vs. recall and precision for different classes.