Limiting factors for the use of palm oil biodiesel in a diesel engine in the context of the ASTM standard

Figures & data

Table 1. The properties of common sources of biodiesel production

Samples	Kinetic viscosity 40°C (cSt)	Density (g/cm^3)	Flash point (°C)	Cloud point (C)
Jatropha	3.7–5.8	0.864–0.880	163–238	–
Coconut	2.61–4.1	0.844–0.930	112–241.5	–
Neem	20.5–48.5	0.912–0.965	34–285	–
Palm	2.95–4.92	0.843–0.890	135–259	–
Cottonseed	4–4.9	0.874–0.885	70–110	–
Soybean	4.08–4.97	0.884–0.896	69–144	–
Sunflower	4.5–5.9	0.877–0.882	85–178	–
Canola or rapeseed	4.2–4.5	0.837–0.886	94–183	–
Diesel	2.5–5.7	0.816–0.840	Min 75	Min −6
ASTM standard	1.9–6	0.830–0.890	Max 120	Max 12
Present study (palm): D-B100	2.6–5.14	0.833–0.890	82–185	−3 to 21

Figure 1. The stages of palm biodiesel production.

Figure 2. The equipment for measuring the biodiesel fuel properties.

Figure 3. The equipment of engine test.

Figure 4. The effect of ratios of biodiesel in diesel on flash point.

Figure 5. The effect of ratios of biodiesel in diesel on cloud point.

Figure 6. The impact of biodiesel ratio on viscosity.

Figure 7. The effect of biodiesel ratio on fuel density.

Table 2. The properties of fuel blends of biodiesel in diesel

Properties	B0	B10	B20	B30	B40	B50	B60	B70	B80	B90	B100
Density (g/cm^3)	0.833	0.841	0.843	0.848	0.851	0.861	0.868	0.872	0.879	0.886	0.89
Viscosity (cst)	2.6	2.97	3.28	3.9	4.46	5.53	5.84	5.67	5.51	5.29	5.14
Cloud point (°C)	−3	−2	−1	1	5	9	13	14	16	20	21
Flash point (°C)	82	80	84	89	90	94	100	111	134	147	185

Figure 8. The results of chromatography of palm oil biodiesel.

Table 3. The composition and ratio of the materials obtained from the chromatographic test

Row	Fatty acid	Ethyl ester	Chemical formula	Molar mass	Weight percent
1	9(Z) Octadecenoic acid	Ethyl Oleate	C20H38O2	310	52.89
2	Hexadecanoic acid	Ethyl palmitate	C18H36O2	284	41.65
3	Octadecanoic acid	Ethyl stearate	C20H40O2	312	3.63
4	Tetradecanoic acid	Ethyl myristate	C16H32O2	256	1.11
5	Other	Other			0.7

Figure 9. The effect of biodiesel ratio on power with different loads.

Figure 10. The efficiency of average BSFC on different loads.

Figure 11. BSFC of engine in different loads.