Model prediction of the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the fluid loss of water-based drilling mud

Figures & data

Table 1. Elemental identification analysis of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles

Element symbol	Element name	Concentration (w/w %)
O	Oxygen	72.6
Zn	Zinc	27.4

Figure 1. SEM images of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles.

Figure 2. Elemental identification analysis of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using EDX.

Table 2. Parameter calculation for the average size of the ZnO nanoparticles

Peaks	$2\theta$	Full width at half maximum, $\beta$ (rad)	D (nm)
100	31.80ᴼ	0.011	15.29
002	34.44ᴼ	0.012	13.38
101	36.29ᴼ	0.015	10.79
102	47.57ᴼ	0.012	13.97
110	56.61ᴼ	0.018	9.73
103	62.93ᴼ	0.015	12.03
200	66.55ᴼ	0.012	15.52
112	67.96ᴼ	0.015	12.37
201	69.07ᴼ	0.006	31.51

Figure 3. XRD pattern of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles.

Figure 4. Cumulative fluid loss prediction using API and new fluid loss model for mud sample ${\mathbf{S}}_{\mathbf{1}}$ containing 1.0 wt.% zinc oxide nanoparticles and 6.5 wt.% bentonite at 25°C and 100 psi.

Figure 5. Cumulative fluid loss prediction using API and new fluid loss model for mud sample ${\mathbf{S}}_{\mathbf{2}}$ containing 1.5 wt.% zinc oxide nanoparticles and 6.5 wt.% bentonite at 25°C and 100 psi.

Figure 6. Cumulative fluid loss prediction using API and new fluid loss model for mud sample ${\mathbf{S}}_{\mathbf{3}}$ containing 2.0 wt.% zinc oxide nanoparticles and 6.5 wt.% bentonite at 25°C and 100 psi.

Figure 7. The predicted and experimental cumulative fluid loss for sample S₂ containing 1.5 wt.% of zinc oxide nanoparticles in 6.5 wt.% bentonite suspension at 25°C and 100 psi.

Figure 8. The plot of the model prediction for the permeability of the mud cake for sample S₂ containing 1.5 wt.% of zinc oxide nanoparticles in 6.5 wt.% bentonite suspension at 25°C and 100 psi.