Sustainable Water Management Index, SWaM_Index

Figures & data

Table 1. Main models for measuring water resources sustainability

Author	Model	Factors	Indicators/criteria	Formulation	Application
Loucks, 1997	Sustainability Index	Reliability, Resilience, Vulnerability	n. 52	SI^i = Rel*Res^i*(1-Vul)^i	Conceptual
Cai et al., 2002	Inter Year Control Program	Hydrological, Agronomic, Economic	n. 7	YM^y y longterm	Syr Darya River Basin
Sullivan, 2002	Water Poverty Index	Water availability, Access to safe water, Clean sanitation, Time taken to collect domestic water.	n. 3	WPI = waA+wsS+wt(100-T)	Two different region or countries (Conceptual, fictitious)
Maiolo et al., 2006	Sustainability Synthetic Territorial Index ISST	Artificial Systems, Natural Systems, Socio- Economic- Institutional	n.175	Mathematical Aggregation (distance to target)	Province of Cosenza, Italy
Chaves & Alipaz, 2007	Watershed Sustainability Index	Hydrology, Environment, Life, Policy	n.5	WSI = (H + E + L + P)/4	SF Verdadeiro River Basin
Policy Research Initiative, 2007	Canadian Water Sustainability Index	Freshwater Resources, Ecosystem Health, Infrastructure, Human Health and Well-Being, Community Capacity	n.15	CWSI = C1+ ….+Cn/n	Canada
Ali, 2009	Arab Water Sustainability Index	Water crowding, Water scarcity, Water dependency, Environmental sustainability	n.8	Mathematical aggregation (Principal Component Analysis)	Arab countries
De Carvalho et al., 2009	Sustainability Index for Integrated Urban Water Management	Social, Economic, Environmental, Political, Ititutional	n. 20	Adaptation of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)	Two Southern African urban centres
Sandoval-Solis et al., 2011	Sustainability Index-Variation	Reliability, Resilience, Vulnerability	n. 52	SI^i = [Rel*Res^i*(1-Vul)^i]^1/3	Rio Grande Basin
Arcadis, 2012	Sustainable Cities Water Index	Resiliency, Efficiency, Quality	n. 20	Mathematical Aggregation	50 Cities in the world
Gonzales & Ajami, 2015	SUSi	Supply, Demand, Adaption	n.6	SUSi = [(Supply)·(Demand) ·(Adaption)]^1/3 · 10	Subset of the San Francisco Bay Region
Kim et al., 2016	Sustainable Water Index	Water availability, Water use, Water pollution, Management Capacity	n.23	Mathematical Aggregation (Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF))	109 Watersheds in Korea

Table 2. Number of indicators for the SWaMI_Index

	AS	NS	SEI
Theme	3	5	3
Sub-theme	6	8	7
Indicators	49	33	11

Table 3. The AS pillar structure

THEME CODE	THEME	SUB-THEME CODE	SUB-THEME	INDICATOR CODE	INDICATOR NAME	UNITS	TARGET
AS.1	Drinking water supply system	AS.1.1	Service availability	AS.1.1.1	Water availability (daily)	l/capita/day	260 if class population < 5000
							280 if 5000 < class population < 10,000
							300 if 10,000 < class population < 50,000
							320 if 50,000 < class population <100,000
							340 if class population > 100,000
				AS.1.1.2	Service coverage	%	100%
		AS.1.2	Service management	AS.1.2.1	Drinking water quality meets legal requirements: chemical analysis	yes/no	YES
				-	-	-	-
				-	-	-	-
				AS.1.2.29	Average water loss from water distribution network	%	20%
AS.2	Sewer System	AS.2.1	Service availability	AS.2.1.1	Percentage of population served	%	100%
		AS.2.2	Service management	AS.2.2.1	Age of sewer networks	year	< 60 years
				-	-	-	-
				-	-	-	-
				AS.2.2.7	Pumping stations: SCADA systems availability	yes/no	YES
AS.3	Wastewater treatment plants	AS.3.1	Service availability	AS.3.1.1	Existence of wastewater treatment plants	yes/no	YES
				AS.3.1.2	Percentage of population served	%	100%
		AS.3.2	Service management	AS.3.2.1	Wastewater treatment plants: age of construction	year	< 40 years
				-	-	-	-
				-	-	-	-
				AS.3.2.8	Effluent quality meets legal requirements: biological analysis	yes/no	YES

Table 4. The NS pillar structure

THEME CODE	THEME	SUB-THEME CODE	SUB- THEME	INDICATOR CODE	INDICATOR NAME	UNITS	TARGET
NS.1	Surface water—River	NS.1.1	I.F.F. Fluvial Functionality Index	NS.1.1.1	Ecological state	Poor/Adequate/Good/Very Good/High	High
NS.2	Surface water—Lake (Natural/Artificial)	NS.2.1	I.F.P. Perilacuale Index Functionality	NS.2.1.1	Ecological state	Bad/Poor/Mediocre/Good/ Excellent	Excellent
NS.3	Groundwater	NS.3.1	Monitoring of saline intrusion phenomena	NS.3.1.1	Withdrawals	Class (A, B, C, D)	Good (2A,1B,2B)
				NS.3.1.2	Electrical conductivity	Class (A, B, C, D)	Good (2A,1B,2B)
		NS.3.2	Qualitative Monitoring (chemical)	NS.3.2.1	Temperature	Class (1,2,3,4)	Good (2A,1B,2B)
				-	-	-	-
				-	-	-	-
				NS.3.2.14	Nitrate	Class (1,2,3,4)	Good (2A,1B,2B)
NS.4	Transitional waters	NS.4.1	Qualitative Monitoring	NS.4.1.1	Days of anoxia	Poor/Adequate/Good	Good
NS.5	Marine coastal waters	NS.5.1	Bathing Water Quality Parameters	NS.5.1.1	Intestinal enterococci	UFC/100 ml	< 200 UFC/100 ml
				NS.5.1.2	Escherichia coli	UFC/100 ml	< 500 UFC/100 ml
		NS.5.2	Marine water quality (Marine strategy)	NS.5.2.1	D1 Biodiversity is maintained?	Yes/No	Yes
				-	-	-	-
				-	-	-	-
				NS.5.2.11	D11 Underwater noise/energy..	Yes/No	Yes
		NS.5.3	Monitoring Coastal Impact	NS.5.3.1	Coastal Vulnerability Index	Low/Moderate/High/Very High	Low

Table 5. The SEI pillar structure

THEME CODE	THEME	SUB- THEME CODE	SUB- THEME	INDICATOR CODE	INDICATOR NAME	UNIT	TARGET
SEI.1	Economic Analysis of the Use of the Water Resource	SEI.1.1	Drinking Water Supply System	SEI.1.1.1	Affordability index	%	4 % (Coalition Eau, 2016)
		SEI.1.2	Sewage system and wastewater treatment	SEI.1.2.1	Affordability index	%	4 % (Coalition Eau, 2016)
SEI.2	Annual costs incurred for the poor management of water resources	SEI.2.1	Losses in water networks	SEI.2.1.1	Annual costs for losses in the water network	Lack of income for annual losses	0
		SEI.2.2	Wastewater management	SEI.2.2.1	Annual sanctions incurred for the discharge of out-of-bound wastewater (€)	€	Zero
		SEI.2.3	Stormwater management	SEI.2.3.1	Annual sanctions incurred for the discharge of out-of-bound stormwater (€)	€	Zero
		SEI.2.4	Rate of wastewater reuse	SEI.2.4.1	Percentage of reuse of wastewater	%	100
SEI.3	Annual subsidies for water resources	SEI.3.1	natural water resource	SEI.3.1.1	Investing annually to achieve quality states	Low/High	High (to achieve quality)
				-	-	-	-
				-	-	-	-
				SEI.3.1.5	Annual investment to encourage water saving in industry	Low/High	High

Loucks, D. P. (1997). Quantifying trends in system sustainability. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 42, 513–530. doi:10.1080/02626669709492051

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cai, X. M., McKinney, D. C., & Lasdon, L. S. (2002). A framework for sustainability analysis in water resources management and application to the Syr Darya Basin. Water Resources Research, 38, 211–214. doi:10.1029/2001wr000214

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sullivan, C. (2002). Calculating a Water Poverty Index. World Development, 30, 1195–1210. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00035-9

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Maiolo, M., Martirano, G., Morrone, P., & Pantusa, D. (2006). Assessment criteria for a sustainable management of the water resources. Water Practice & Technology, 1. doi:10.2166/wpt.2006.012

 Google Scholar

Chaves, H. M. L., & Alipaz, S. (2007). An integrated indicator based on basin hydrology, environment, life, and policy: The watershed sustainability index. Water Resources Management, 21, 883–895. doi:10.1007/s11269-006-9107-2

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Policy Research Initiative. (2007) Canadian water sustainability index. Retrieved from: http://policyresearch.gc.ca/doclib/SD_PR_CWSI_web_e.pdf

 Google Scholar

Ali, H. M. M. (2009) Development of arab water sustainability index using principal component analysis. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Water Technology Conference IWTC13, Hurghada, Egypt

 Google Scholar

De Carvalho, S. C. P., Carden, K. J., & Armitage, N. P. (2009). Application of a sustainability index for integrated urban water management in Southern African cities: Case study comparison – Maputo and Hermanus. Water SA, 35, 144–151. doi:10.4314/wsa.v35i2.76727

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sandoval-Solis, S., McKinney, D. C., & Loucks, D. P. (2011). Sustainability index for water resources planning and management. Journal of Water Resources Pl-Asce, 137, 381–390. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000134

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Arcadis (2012) Sustainable cities water index. Retrieved from: https://www.arcadis.com/media/4/6/2/%7B462EFA0A-4278-49DF-9943-C067182CA682%7DArcadis_Sustainable_Cities_Water_Index-Web.pdf

 Google Scholar

Gonzales, P., & Ajami, N. K. (2015). Urban water sustainability: An integrative framework for regional water management, Hydrol. Earth System Science, 12, 11291–11329. doi:10.5194/hessd-12-11291-2015

 Google Scholar

Kim, I., Kim, Y., & Kong., I. (2016, May) Assessing sustainable water use and local economy in Korea. Proceedings of the 36°Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 11-14, Nagoya, Japan.

 Google Scholar

Coalition Eau (2016) Is drinking water affordable for all? http://www.emwis.org/documents/meetings/events/selected-events-5th-world-water-forum-istanbul-36778/rapports-prepares-par-henri-smets-pour-istanbul/01-EAU-FR-5mars.pdf/download/1/01-EAU-EN-5mars.pdf

 Google Scholar