Increasing PV penetration level in low voltage distribution system using optimal installation and operation of battery energy storage

Figures & data

Table 1. Technical and economical parameters of VRB

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
$\gamma$	100%	Suitable storage duration	Hours-months
$\eta$	75%	$C_P$ (USD/kVA)	426
$\kappa$	small	$C_E$ (USD/kWh)	100
$CycleLife$(cycles)	12,000	$C_M$ (USD/kW)	9
Discharge time	Seconds-10h	$C_V$ (USD/kW)	0

Table 2. Economical parameters

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
$C_{invest}$ (USD)	6154	${ }^1{C}_{kVAR}$ (cents/kvarh)	0.0755
${ }^{1}fr$	0.13	${ }^2{i}_r$ (%)	3
${ }^1{C}_{ps}$ (kg/kWh)	0.3408	${ }^2{d}_r$ (%)	12
${ }^1{C}_{ch}$ (kg/kWh)	0.1917	^3Annual demand growth (%)	4.51
${ }^1{C}_{CO2}$ (USD/ton)	15.904	${ }^4{C}_s$ (USD/kWh)	26.38
$D$	360

¹ Sardi et al. (2017).

²Tantisattayakul and Kanchanapiya (2017).

³ Electricity statistic (n.d.).

⁴ Wibulpolprasert (2018).

Table 3. Electricity price

Parameter	Value
	Peak	Off-peak
$C_{uppergrid}$ (USD/kWh)	0.1044	0.0717

* Peak time: 09.00–22.00 (Monday to Friday).

Off-peak time: 22.00–09.00 (Monday to Friday).

00.00–24.00 (Saturday and Sunday).

Figure 1. Daily PV output and load demand (p.u.)

Table 4. Result of BESS planning for ten case study with different PV penetration level

	Case 1 (base case)	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5	Case 6	Case 7	Case 8	Case 9	Case 10
PV Penetration (%)	–	15	30	45	60	75	90	105	120	130
Installed PV bus	–	3,13,38	3,13,38,30,18, 41	3,13,38,30,18, 41,24, 20,35	3,13,38,30,18, 41,24, 20,35,9,33,7	3,13,38,30,18, 41,24, 20,35,9,33,7,36, 16,40	3,13,38,30,18, 41,24, 20,35,9,33,7,36, 16,40,22,34, 14	3,13,38,30,18, 41,24, 20,35,9,33,7,36, 16,40, 22,34, 14,27, 11, 29	3,13,38,30,18, 41,24, 20,35,9,33,7,36,16,40, 22,34, 14,27, 11,29, 21,12, 39	3,13,38,30,18, 41,24, 20,35,9,33,7,36, 16,40, 22,34, 14,27, 11,29, 21,12, 39,4, 32
$Loadfactor(w/o)$	0.69	0.62	0.56	0.50	0.43	0.37	0.31	0.25	0.19	0.15
$Loadfactor(w)$	0.69	0.71	0.65	0.65	0.69	0.80	0.84	0.66	0.86	0.96
$n$(year)	0	2	2	4	6	8	10	11	11	11
$Y_{BESS}$(year)	0	24	24	23	12	17	17	18	17	17
BESS location(bus)	0	19	22	17	10	8	3	23	3	24
$P_{rated}$(kW)	0	11.88	13.57	22.87	36.10	51.61	69.20	78.97	78.94	60.91
$S_{rated}$(kVA)	0	12.45	13.66	22.87	37.73	66.65	98.70	120.10	121.87	129.46
$E_{BESS}$(kWh)	0	27.80	34.55	79.88	179.22	383.70	635.43	780.10	764.67	794.57
$C_{BESS}$	0	8,083	9,276	17,729	33,997	66,764	105,588	129,168	128,382	134,607
$C_{O\mathrm{\&}M}$	0	189	216	671	1,468	2,596	4,043	4,897	4,896	5,036
$B_{PPR}$	0	34	22	577	10,409	23,429	40,021	61,481	87,435	102,425
$B_{UD}$	0	1,412	1,412	2,607	3,617	4,471	5,194	5,512	5,512	5,512
$B_{CER}$	0	90	111	477	1,486	3,934	7,519	9,753	9,668	10,045
$B_{VS}$	0	2	1	0	0	0	10	49	0	46
$B_{CDP}$	0	971	1,207	5,150	16,033	42,432	81,626	106,353	104,249	108,325
$S_{fund}$	0	4,463	13,419	20,219	25,520	36,694	32,768	39,987	46,727	51,120
Total NPV	0	−10,226	−20,158	−29,808	−29,440	−31,788	−8,029	9,096	26,859	35,590

Figure 2. The load on the transformer for case 3

Figure 3. (a) The active load on transformer without BESS (b) the charged/discharged active power of BESS and (c) the active load on the transformer with BESS for case 8

Figure 4. (a) The voltage magnitude (b) reactive power dispatched by BESS’s inverter and (c) active power dispatched by BESS’s inverter for case 2

Table A1. Bus and load data for the 41-bus test system in Ratchaburi, Thailand

Bus No.	Active power Load(kW)	Reactive power Load(kvar)	Branch No.	Sending bus	Receiving bus	Resistance (Ohm)	Reactance (Ohm)
1	0.00	0.00	1	1	2	0.024	0.0593
2	0.00	0.00	2	2	3	0.0128	0.0090
3	6.13	2.67	3	3	4	0.0577	0.0405
4	0.66	0.29	4	3	5	0.0256	0.0180
5	0.00	0.00	5	5	6	0.0321	0.0225
6	0.89	0.39	6	6	7	0.0769	0.0539
7	4.20	1.83	7	5	8	0.0192	0.0135
8	0.00	0.00	8	8	9	0.0128	0.0090
9	0.36	0.16	9	8	10	0.0385	0.0270
10	0.00	0.00	10	10	11	0.0096	0.0067
11	4.80	2.09	11	11	12	0.0577	0.0405
12	3.67	1.60	12	11	13	0.0321	0.0225
13	1.71	0.75	13	10	14	0.0192	0.0135
14	6.24	2.72	14	14	15	0.0641	0.0449
15	0.28	0.12	15	15	16	0.0128	0.0090
16	1.00	0.43	16	15	17	0.0897	0.0629
17	1.98	0.86	17	17	18	0.0513	0.0360
18	0.50	0.22	18	17	19	0.0064	0.0045
19	2.70	1.18	19	19	20	0.0641	0.0449
20	2.32	1.01	20	20	21	0.0769	0.0539
21	1.81	0.79	21	19	22	0.1026	0.0719
22	3.03	1.32	22	2	23	0.0192	0.0135
23	0.00	0.00	23	23	24	0.0128	0.0090
24	4.36	1.90	24	23	25	0.0224	0.0157
25	0.00	0.00	25	25	26	0.0096	0.0067
26	0.00	0.00	26	26	27	0.0321	0.0225
27	1.42	0.62	27	26	28	0.0481	0.0337
28	3.94	1.72	28	26	29	0.0545	0.0382
29	0.15	0.07	29	29	30	0.0321	0.0225
30	4.17	1.82	30	29	31	0.0321	0.0225
31	0.00	0.00	31	31	32	0.0192	0.0135
32	3.00	1.31	32	32	33	0.0481	0.0337
33	2.38	1.04	33	31	34	0.0769	0.0539
34	1.59	0.69	34	25	35	0.0641	0.0449
35	0.84	0.36	35	35	36	0.0513	0.0360
36	2.80	1.22	36	36	37	0.1571	0.1101
37	0.23	0.10	37	36	38	0.0769	0.0539
38	0.45	0.20	38	38	39	0.0705	0.0494
39	0.48	0.21	39	39	40	0.0897	0.0629
40	0.32	0.14	40	39	41	0.1122	0.0787
41	1.01	0.44

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