Bio-sorption of copper and lead ions in single and binary systems onto banana peels

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of research methodology

Figure 2. Point of zero charge (pH_pzc) of banana peels

Figure 3. FTIR spectra for BP, BP-Cu, BP-Pb and BP-Cu/Pb samples

Figure 4. Adsorption isotherms of Cu and Pb on banana peel in single and binary systems at pH 5.5. The symbols are the experimental results while the solid lines are the linear fittings of (a) Cu Langmuir adsorption, (b) Pb Langmuir adsorption, (c) Cu Freundlich adsorption and (d) Pb Freundlich adsorption models

Table 1. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters

Ion	System	Langmuir			Freundlich
		b (L/mg)	qm (mg/g)	R^2	Kf	n	R^2
Cu (II)	Single	0.17	28.56	0.979	5.09	2.21	0.907
Cu (II)	Binary	0.45	26.89	0.999	7.12	2.51	0.930
Pb (II)	Single	0.24	66.67	0.984	12.27	0.91	0.981
Pb (II)	Binary	7.87	37.69	0.999	23.82	7.22	0.791

Figure 5. Percentage removal of (a) Pb(II) and (b) Cu(II) onto banana peels at different initial concentrations and pH 5.5 in both single and binary systems

Figure 6. Kinetic model plots of Pb(II) and Cu(II) at different initial concentrations; (a) pseudo-first order single, (b) pseudo-first order binary, (c) pseudo-second order single, (d) pseudo-second order binary

Table 2. Kinetic model parameters obtained from pseudo-first order model and pseudo-second order model

Metal ion	Cu			Pb
Concentration	10 mg/L	55 mg/L	100 mg/L	10 mg/L	55 mg/L	100 mg/L
Pseudo-first order Single qe K1 R^2 Pseudo-first order Binary qe K1 R^2 Pseudo-second order Single qe K2 R^2 Pseudo-second order Binary qe K2 R^2	0.93 2.73 0.704 0.25 2.23 0.998 13.25 6.80 0.999 4.09 20.54 1.000	2.79 18.06 0.899 1.65 1.89 0.961 3.63 5.50 0.999 7.03 2.24 0.999	5.86 14.52 0.999 0.96 1.38 0.935 7.18 0.71 0.984 6.08 2.30 0.999	0.53 7.13 0.999 0.16 5.53 0.992 9.73 26.65 1.000 3.77 116.34 1.000	14.79 2.55 0.972 0.78 0.39 0.995 19.71 0.20 0.996 14.85 3.22 0.999	31.84 6.88 0.985 1.13 1.59 0.951 42.35 0.41 0.999 17.45 3.22 0.999

Table 3. Comparison of single solute adsorption capacity (q_max) of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ with other bio-sorbents

Bio-sorbents	Pb^2+ Qmax (mg/g)	Cu^2+ Qmax (mg/g)	Reference
Banana peel	39.32	29.26	This study
	18.0		(Da Silva Correia et al., 2018)
	2.18		(Anwar et al., 2010)
		28.57	(M. Hossain et al., 2012)
Orange peel	73.53*		(Lasheen et al., 2012)
		63.30**	(Guiza, 2017)
		33.99	(Kumar et al., 2018)
Pine sawdust	13.48		(Semerjian, 2018)
Cocoa pod husk	4.83	4.69	(Obike et al., 2018)
Pine cone shell	17.41	6.52	(Martín-Lara et al., 2016)

*Chemically modified orange peel

**Cellulosic orange peel

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