Building information modeling implementation strategies for public infrastructure projects in emerging markets: The case of Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of BIM adoption strategies from literature review

Item	BIM Adoption Strategical Factors	References
BS1	Strategic & adequate IT infrastructure	(Olawumi & Chan, 2019), (X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Liao & Teo, 2017; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017; Yin et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2019),
BS2	Availability of financial resources for BIM adoption	(X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Aljobaly & Banawi, 2020; Chan et al., 2019; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017),
BS3	Effective senior leadership	(Chen et al., 2016; Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018; Olanrewaju et al., 2020; Olawumi & Chan, 2019; Yin et al., 2019)
BS4	Availability of technical support for employees	(X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Ismail et al., 2017; Liao & Teo, 2017; Olanrewaju et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2019),
BS5	Collaborative working environment in firms	(Chan et al., 2019; Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018; Liao & Teo, 2017; Olawumi & Chan, 2019; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017)
BS6	Government policy	(Olawumi & Chan, 2019), (X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Aljobaly & Banawi, 2020; Ismail et al., 2017; Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018),
BS7	Availability of quality control and Specifications	(Chan et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2016; Olanrewaju et al., 2020; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017; Yin et al., 2019)
BS8	Appropriate legal parameters	(Ahn et al., 2016; Aljobaly & Banawi, 2020; Ismail et al., 2017; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017; Yin et al., 2019)
BS9	Sufficient standards and guidelines for BIM adoption	(Olawumi & Chan, 2019) (X. P. Ma et al., 2020), (Chan et al., 2019; Liao & Teo, 2017; Zhou et al., 2019),
BS10	Extent of BIM awareness	(Ahn et al., 2016), (X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Aljobaly & Banawi, 2020; Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017),
BS11	Coordination among stakeholders	(Ismail et al., 2017; Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018; Liao & Teo, 2017; Olawumi & Chan, 2019; Yin et al., 2019)
BS12	Highly competent consultancy service	(X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Liao & Teo, 2017; Olanrewaju et al., 2020, 2020; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017),
BS13	Sufficient interoperability data & information	(Ahn et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2016; Ismail et al., 2017; Olawumi & Chan, 2019; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017)
BS14	Regular communication between parties	(Olawumi & Chan, 2019), (X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Ismail et al., 2017; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017; Yin et al., 2019),
BS15	Appropriate choice of delivery & contract types	(Chen et al., 2016), (X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Aljobaly & Banawi, 2020; Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018; Olanrewaju et al., 2020),
BS16	Managing risks associated with BIM	(Chen et al., 2016), (X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017),
BS17	Clear roles & responsibility of BIM usage	(Olawumi & Chan, 2019), (X. P. Ma et al., 2020) (Liao & Ai Lin Teo, 2018; Ozorhon & Karahan, 2017; Yin et al., 2019),
BS18	Managing workflow throughout project life cycle.	(Aljobaly & Banawi, 2020; Ismail et al., 2017; Liao & Teo, 2017; Olawumi & Chan, 2019; Yin et al., 2019)

Figure 1. Systematic Literature Review Flow Chart.

Figure 2. Methodological Flow Chart.

Table 2. Demographic profile of participants

Profile	Frequency	Percentage
Gender
Male	77	80%
Female	19	20%
Experience (Years)
6–10	52	54%
11–15	34	35.5%
>15	10	10.5%
Education
BSc	32	33.3%
MSc	64	66.7%
Organization (Firm)
Client	13	13.5%
Consultant	41	43%
Contractor	27	28%
Academia	15	15.5%

Table 3. Mean score ranking for BIM adoption strategies

Item	BIM Adoption Strategies	All Participants		Client		Consultant		Contractor		Academia
		Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank
BS1	Strategic & adequate IT infrastructure	4.48	1	4.54	3	4.46	3	4.41	2	4.60	2
BS9	Sufficient standards and guidelines for BIM Adoption	4.47	2	4.61	2	4.59	1	4.30	4	4.47	3
BS6	Government policy	4.42	3	4.62	1	4.34	6	4.48	1	4.32	8
BS12	Highly competent consultancy service	4.40	4	4.38	8	4.58	2	4.09	8	4.40	5
BS10	Extent of BIM awareness	4.35	5	4.52	5	4.39	5	4.00	9	4.73	1
BS11	Coordination among stakeholders	4.33	6	4.46	6	4.24	7	4.33	3	4.46	4
BS5	Collaborative working environment in firms	4.31	7	4.38	7	4.41	4	4.11	6	4.33	7
BS15	Appropriate choice of delivery & contract types	4.25	8	4.36	9	4.15	8	4.26	5	4.39	6
BS8	Appropriate legal parameters	4.09	9	4.53	4	3.98	10	4.10	7	4.00	10
BS17	Clear roles & responsibility in BIM usage	3.77	10	3.46	14	4.02	9	3.33	14	4.13	9
BS3	Effective senior leadership	3.56	11	3.62	12	3.66	11	3.41	12	3.53	11
BS7	Availability of quality control and specifications	3.46	12	3.69	10	3.54	14	3.37	13	3.20	15
BS4	Availability of technical support for employees	3.36	13	3.23	15	3.56	13	3.52	10	2.67	18
BS14	Regular communication between parties	3.32	14	3.68	11	3.41	15	3.22	15	2.93	17
BS2	Availability of financial resources for BIM adoption	3.31	15	2.92	18	3.61	12	3.07	16	3.27	14
BS16	Managing risks associated with BIM	3.29	16	3.15	17	3.22	17	3.44	11	3.33	13
BS13	Sufficient interoperability model data & information	3.28	17	3.15	16	3.37	16	3.06	17	3.52	12
BS18	Managing workflow throughout project life cycle	3.23	18	3.62	13	3.21	18	3.05	18	3.19	16

Table 4. Mann - whitney test output for consultants vs contractors

No.	Mean Rank		Mann-Whitney U	Z Value	ρ value	Decision (Ho)
	Consultant	Contractor
BS1	34.54	34.44	552.000	−0.02	0.98	Accept
BS2	38.95	27.74	371.000	−2.41	0.02	Reject
BS3	36.24	31.85	482.000	−0.94	0.35	Accept
BS4	35.12	33.56	528.000	−0.34	0.73	Accept
BS5	37.30	30.24	438.500	−1.58	0.11	Accept
BS6	33.88	35.44	528.000	−0.35	0.72	Accept
BS7	35.21	33.43	524.500	−0.39	0.70	Accept
BS8	32.29	37.85	463.000	−1.21	0.23	Accept
BS9	36.85	30.93	457.000	−1.37	0.17	Accept
BS10	37.48	29.98	431.500	−1.67	0.10	Accept
BS11	32.84	37.02	485.500	−0.93	0.35	Accept
BS12	38.15	28.96	404.000	−2.09	0.04	Reject
BS13	36.98	30.74	452.000	−1.33	0.18	Accept
BS14	36.11	32.06	487.500	−0.86	0.39	Accept
BS15	33.30	36.31	504.500	−0.66	0.51	Accept
BS16	32.22	37.96	460.000	−1.25	0.21	Accept
BS17	40.50	25.39	307.500	−3.29	0.00	Reject
BS18	35.78	32.56	501.000	−0.72	0.47	Accept

Table 5. KMO & Bartlett test result for BIM adoption strategy

Test Type	Result
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy	0.637
Bartlett’s test of sphericity
Approx. chi-square	339.44
df	120
Sig.	0.000

Figure 3. Screen plot SPSS output.

Table 6. Eigen value output for components (total variance explained)

Component	Initial Eigenvalues			Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
1	2.943	18.394	18.394	2.547	15.919	15.919
2	2.357	14.734	33.129	1.891	11.820	27.739
3	1.429	8.932	42.061	1.714	10.711	38.450
4	1.289	8.055	50.116	1.447	9.045	47.494
5	1.128	7.051	57.166	1.328	8.299	55.794
6	1.013	6.332	63.499	1.233	7.705	63.499

Table 7. Rotated component matrix using varimax

BIM Adoption Strategies	Components
	Organizational	Application & Tools	Market Related	Information Management	Project	Process
Availability of financial resources for BIM adoption	0.912	0.135	0.074	0.102	−0.009	−0.051
Effective senior leadership	0.870	0.140	0.079	0.055	−0.115	0.005
Availability of technical support for employees	0.784	0.010	−0.062	−0.054	0.222	−0.032
Sufficient interoperability model data & information	−0.105	0.690	0.028	0.382	0.346	−0.046
Highly competent competence consultancy	0.055	0.685	0.099	−0.108	−0.133	−0.006
Regular communication b/n parties	0.075	0.601	0.124	0.085	0.269	0.250
Strategic & adequate IT infrastructure	0.224	0.589	−0.133	0.119	−0.112	−0.034
Appropriate legal parameters	−0.022	−0.002	0.824	−0.106	0.083	−0.079
Managing risks associated with BIM	0.012	0.276	0.668	0.180	−0.057	0.164
Government policy	0.066	−0.102	0.546	0.216	0.087	0.010
Managing workflow throughout project life cycle	−0.090	0.266	0.186	0.722	−0.109	0.053
Clear roles & responsibility in BIM usage	0.142	−0.024	0.072	0.692	0.185	0.033
Availability of quality control and Specifications	−0.073	0.113	0.327	0.121	0.768	−0.087
Collaborative working environment in firms	0.434	−0.142	−0.268	−0.018	0.622	0.173
Sufficient standards and guidelines for BIM adoption	−0.175	0.098	0.090	−0.161	0.031	0.796
Appropriate choice of delivery & contract types	0.125	−0.027	−0.062	0.346	−0.028	0.674

Table 8. Cross-country comparative analysis

Rank	This Study	(Aljobaly & Banawi, 2020) (Saudi Arabia)	(Amuda-Yusuf, 2018) (Nigeria)	(Odubiyi et al., 2019) (South Africa)
1	Strategic & adequate IT infrastructure	Stakeholders BIM awareness	Extent of IT infrastructure and business process	Encourage BIM adoption in the construction supply chain
2	Sufficient standards & guidelines for BIM Adoption	Role of consulting service in BIM adoption	Standards of BIM adoption	Encourage stakeholder collaboration
3	Government policy	Market competition by firms	Stakeholders understanding and involvement	Stakeholders BIM understanding
4	Highly competent consultancy service	Stakeholders understanding & commitment	Education and training	Extent of employee BIM training
5	Extent of BIM awareness	BIM training for workers	Extent of BIM needs & aims	Implementation by the government

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Data availability statement

The data underlying the results presented in the study are available within the manuscript.