Did in-home activities fulfill activity needs during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of the study.

Table 1. Sociodemographic profile.

Variable	Frequency (Percentage)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Gender
Male	200 (49.75%)
Female	202 (50.25%)
Age
18 - 22 years	117 (29.10%)
23 - 45 years	109 (27.11%)
46 - 55 years	110 (27.36%)
Above 55 years	66 (16.42%)
Occupation
Nonworker	82 (20.40%)
Worker	203 (50.50%)
Student	117 (29.10%)
Income
Low income (< 3 million IDR/month)	145 (37.25%)
Medium income (3–6 million IDR/month)	121 (29.41%)
High income (> 6 million IDR/month)	136 (33.33%)

Table 2. Variable measurements.

Variable	Measures	Response	Basic Statistic
Activity Need to do:	Would you like to participate more frequently in these activities?	Likert Scale: Very needed Needed Fairly needed Not needed and nonessential Fairly nonessential Nonessential Very nonessential	Mean, Figure 8.
In-home Mandatory (IhMo)
In-home Maintenance (IhMT)
In-home Leisure (IhLe)
In-home Online Activity (IhOa)
In-home Working Studying (IhWoSy)
In-home Sport (IhSpt)
Out-of-home Online Rest (OhOna)
Out-of-home Offline Rest (OhOfa)
Out-of-home Socializing/recreation (OhSoRe)
Out-of-home Household Act (OhHa)
Out-of-home Baby Sitting (OhBs)
Out-of-home Working and Studying (OhWoSy)
Out-of-home Grocery Shopping (OhGs)
Online Shopping (OnSh)
In-store Shopping (InSh)
Out-of-home Sport (OhSpt)
Out-of-home Maintenance (OhOM)
Out-of-home Picking up and Dropping off Children (OhPc)
Built Environment:
Distance to public facilities:	How many kilometers is the distance between your residence and the ……….?	Fill in: …. km	Mean, Table 3 EFA, Table 4 Bivariate analysis, Figure 5
City center
Bank/post office
Pre-school
Kindergarten
Elementary school
Junior/senior high school
Hospital
Station
Bus stop
Supermarket
Traditional market
City Park
Government office
Shopping center
Clinic/health center
Residential environment:	Do you think that your neighborhood is/has …….?	Likert scale: Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree	EFA, Table 5 Bivariate analysis, Figure 6
Comfortable place to stay
Good infrastructure
Clean environment
Safe area
Drug abuse
Destruction (graffiti)
Annoying youth
Beautiful place
Peaceful place
Safe for kids
Friendly neighbors
Connected to public transport
Sufficient parking area
Good facilities
Good health facilities
Big supermarket
Good traditional market
Good school standards
Rare traffic jams
Safe traffic
Lively
Happy atmosphere
Frequent communication with neighbors
Familiar with the environment
Citizen meeting
Frequent meetings to attend
Sociodemographic
Housing Type:	What type of residence do you live in?	Fill in:	Categorical, Figure 3
A. Permanent A House with 1 to 2 floors for the upper class, with suitable construction materials, garages for more than 2 cars, and a large park		A
B. Permanent B 1- to 2-floor house, 100–200 m^2, for the middle to upper class, with suitable construction materials, garage for 1–2 cars, with a sufficiently large park		B
C. Permanent C House with 1 floor, 45–100 m^2, for the middle class with with or without a garage and a small garden		C
D. Permanent D Simple house, 21–44 m^2, for the lower middle class, with or without small garden		D
E. Semi-permanent house with garden		E
F. Temporary house without garden		F
G. Others		G
Property Right:	Which describes your living status?	Fill in:	Categorical, Figure 4
A. Own		A
B. Buy		B
C. Rent (annual)		C
D. Rent (monthly)		D
E. Official residence		E
F. Occupy without a rental fee		F
G. Other		G
Travel pattern
Travel time percentage of using mode:	Travel time data were collected alongside activity type using an activity diary, with 15-min intervals for 24 h a day. For the travel mode, the question was: "When you travel to the activity, which travel mode to you use?"	Fill in:	Bivariate analysis, Figure 9
Nonmotorized		Nonmotorized
Motorcycle		Motorcycle
Car		Car
Public Transport		Public Transport
Ride-sourcing		Ride-sourcing

Figure 2. Activity-need level based on sociodemographic characteristics.

Figure 3. Activity-need level based on housing type.

Figure 4. Activity-need level based on property right.

Table 3. Distance to public facilities.

Variable	Distance (km)
	Mean	Standard Deviation
Built Environment: distance to
city center	7.78	8.89
bank/post office	3.95	7.99
pre-school	0.91	0.85
kindergarten	1.22	1.67
elementary school	1.14	1.28
junior/senior high school	1.79	1.79
hospital	3.00	3.54
station	5.21	5.19
bus stop	1.81	2.32
supermarket	2.86	3.43
traditional market	1.64	1.25
city park	4.21	4.37
government office	3.97	4.82
shopping center	5.08	6.01
clinic/health center	1.50	1.16

Table 4. Loading factors of distance from public facilities.

	Residing far from the city center, administration office, junior/high school, hospital, and modern market	Residing far from public transport, traditional market, city park, and clinic/health center	Residing far from primary school
City center	0.809	0.227	0.090
Bank/post office	0.906	0.016	0.118
Pre-school	0.135	0.093	0.894
Kindergarten	−0.074	0.194	0.754
Elementary school	0.251	−0.121	0.814
Junior/senior high school	0.728	0.023	0.437
Hospital	0.828	0.273	0.098
Station	0.416	0.721	0.168
Bus stop	0.046	0.837	0.010
Supermarket	0.670	0.497	−0.057
Traditional market	0.086	0.775	0.055
City Park	0.549	0.562	−0.103
Government office	0.638	0.175	0.108
Shopping center	0.666	0.518	−0.070
Clinic/health center	0.199	0.442	0.102
KMO and Bartlett’s Test
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy		0.797
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity	Approx. Chi-Square	4173.231
	df	105
	Sig.	<0.0001

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis, Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

Rotation converged in 6 iterations.

Figure 5. Activity-need level based on distance to public facilities.

Table 5. Loading factors of the residential environment.

Rotated Component Matrix^a
	Indicator
	Good facilities; comfortable, beautiful, and peaceful	Good neighborhood environment	Safe environment and friendly neighbors;	Good public facilities (supermarkets, traditional markets, and schools)	Safe traffic and rare traffic jams	No Drug abuse, Destruction (graffiti), and annoying youth	Connected to public transport
Comfortable place to stay	0.607	0.336	0.262	0.176	0.215	0.048	−0.221
Good infrastructure	0.694	0.372	−0.065	−0.139	0.142	0.268	0.239
Clean environment	0.777	0.184	0.205	−0.016	0.075	0.103	0.069
Safe area	0.354	−0.021	0.561	−0.138	0.231	0.283	0.190
No drug abuse	0.326	0.030	−0.059	−0.119	0.228	0.536	−0.456
No destruction (graffiti)	−0.030	0.000	0.139	0.077	−0.026	0.857	0.011
No annoying youth	0.091	−0.059	0.198	0.016	−0.185	0.793	0.109
Beautiful place	0.633	0.157	0.354	0.247	0.071	−0.035	0.109
Peaceful place	0.494	0.004	0.421	0.344	0.282	0.107	−0.143
Safe for kids	0.399	−0.060	0.340	0.370	0.489	−0.065	0.061
Friendly neighbors	0.185	0.218	0.822	0.018	−0.007	0.151	0.049
Connected to public transport	0.225	0.045	0.107	−0.011	−0.006	0.092	0.837
Sufficient parking area	0.640	0.096	0.174	0.297	−0.126	−0.119	0.066
Good facilities	0.596	0.232	0.059	0.260	0.143	0.092	0.281
Good health facilities	0.139	0.347	0.004	0.441	0.303	0.201	0.303
Big supermarket	0.155	0.110	−0.072	0.795	−0.116	0.220	−0.042
Good traditional market	0.107	0.146	0.165	0.795	0.190	−0.133	−0.021
Good school standards	0.204	0.140	−0.007	0.512	0.299	−0.228	0.397
Rare traffic jams	0.030	0.076	0.038	−0.027	0.858	−0.052	−0.133
Safe traffic	0.117	0.142	0.244	0.205	0.696	−0.088	0.178
Lively	0.226	0.382	0.596	0.141	0.272	0.138	0.043
Happy atmosphere	0.294	0.483	0.476	0.120	0.300	0.094	0.018
Frequent communication with neighbors	0.280	0.670	0.191	0.043	0.221	−0.108	0.014
Familiar with the environment	0.154	0.803	0.258	0.077	−0.002	−0.191	−0.053
Citizen meeting	0.077	0.853	0.050	0.102	−0.121	0.012	0.060
Frequent meetings to attend	0.175	0.762	−0.006	0.157	0.152	0.123	0.081
KMO and Bartlett’s Test
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.				0.793
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity		Approx. Chi-Square		5715.882
		df		325
		Sig.		<0.0001

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis, Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

Rotation converged in 8 iterations.

Figure 6. Activity-need level based on residential environment.

Table 6. Daily time allocation in minutes.

Activity Type	Sunday		Monday		Tuesday		Wednesday
	Mean	Standard Deviation	Mean	Standard Deviation	Mean	Standard Deviation	Mean	Standard Deviation
In-home Mandatory (IhMo)	613.5	151.8	590.6	121.6	596.7	126.5	585.5	123.5
In-home Maintenance (IhMT)	145.6	102.9	149.7	110.6	144.7	110.3	147.9	114.8
In-home Leisure (IhLe)	273.5	180.2	230.9	141.5	226.4	137.0	232.3	135.2
In-home Online Activity (IhOa)	191.8	157.8	166.5	150.7	159.1	146.3	159.3	144.6
In-home Working Studying (IhWoSy)	233.4	174.8	309.5	169.1	308.2	162.6	307.4	153.8
In-home Sport (IhSpt)	85.0	46.9	65.3	34.7	68.9	33.7	64.9	34.9
Out-of-home Online Rest (OhOna)	149.7	134.1	76.5	54.5	80.1	70.4	78.1	61.5
Out-of-home Offline Rest (OhOfa)	60.6	63.9	65.6	52.5	51.7	33.5	47.4	32.8
Out-of-home Socializing/recreation (OhSoRe)	185.4	125.8	115.1	108.0	118.8	99.4	114.9	96.8
Out-of-home Household Act (OhHa)	110.5	89.4	52.5	22.5	66.0	36.2	56.3	22.2
Out-of-home Baby Sitting (OhBs)	90.0	45.0	350.0	217.8	450.0	45.0	232.5	188.7
Out-of-home Working and Studying (OhWoSy)	339.6	175.5	372.2	139.2	372.7	135.5	369.5	149.7
Out-of-home Grocery Shopping (OhGs)	75.0	52.9	52.2	28.4	47.4	24.5	57.3	41.0
Online Shopping (OnSh)	47.5	20.2	52.5	34.4	40.0	25.5	45.0	9.5
In-store Shopping (InSh)	87.1	62.4	75.0	46.8	85.0	7.1	121.3	62.0
Out-of-home Sport (OhSpt)	131.3	76.2	111.7	56.6	107.5	43.7	124.6	80.5
Out-of-home Maintenance (OhOM)	71.7	54.0	46.7	31.6	45.0	29.0	58.6	49.0
Out-of-home Picking up and Dropping off Children (OhPc)	90.0	30.0	66.8	32.2	77.5	46.2	58.5	41.1

Table 7. Travel patterns.

Variable	Percentage or mean
Individual travel characteristics
Trip (/respondent/day)
number of trips	1.87
number of trip chains	0.88
Travel time (min/respondent/day)	49.07
Travel time percentage of using mode
nonmotorized	22.43%
private car	55.51%
motorcycle	19.77%
ride-sourcing	0.46%
public transport	1.83%

Figure 7. Distribution of activity-need levels across all activity types.

Figure 8. Bivariate analysis of activity-need level based on activity types.

Figure 9. Bivariate analysis of activity-need level based on use percentages of modes.

Data availability statement

The participants of this study did not give written consent for their data to be shared publicly, so due to the sensitive nature of the research supporting data is not available.