A novel embedded system for tractor implement performance mapping

Figures & data

Figure 1. (A) GPS module; (B) Hall effect sensor; (C) Rotary potentiometer; (D) Three-point hitch dynamometer.

Table 1. Transducers and their specifications.

S. No	Transducer	Specifications
1.	Global positioning system U-blox Neo 7 M	Horizontal position accuracy 2.5 m, Maximum navigation update rate 10 Hz, Velocity accuracy 0.1 m/s
2.	Load cell RC02C Monad Ltd.	Type compression/tension, capacity 2000 kg, Supply voltage 10 V
3.	Hall effect sensor 44E	Latch type, Operating voltage 4.2–24 V
4.	Rotary potentiometer	No. of turns 1, Resistance 10kΩ
5.	Microcontroller	ATmega 2560, Flash memory 256 KB, Clock speed 16 MHz

Figure 2. Geo position data points on the field.

Figure 3. Setup for (A) speed measurement; (B) depth measurement.

Figure 4. Calibration setup for (A) load cell in compression; (B) load cell in tension; (C) depth measurement.

Figure 5. Calibration curve (A) load cell in compression; (B) load cell 1 in tension; (C) load cell 2 in tension; (D) for depth measurement.

Figure 6. Circuit diagram of the developed embedded system.

Figure 7. Developed embedded system (A) front view; (B) inner view; (C) side view.

Figure 8. Field test with (A) cultivator; (B) harrow.

Figure 9. Validation of speed measurement.

Figure 10. Validation of depth measurement.

Figure 11. Measured and predicted draft variations with time (A) cultivator; (B) harrow.

Figure 12. Comparison of measured and predicted draft for (A) cultivator; (B) harrow.

Figure 13. Spatial variability maps of (A) tillage depth; (B) draft force; (C) wheel slip; (D) travel speed for the cultivator.

Figure 14. Spatial variability maps of (A) tillage depth; (B) draft force; (C) wheel slip; (D) travel speed for disk harrow.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.