Assessing the calming effects of a self-regulated inflatable vest: an evaluation based on Visual Analogue Scale and Electroencephalogram

Figures & data

Figure 1. The inflatable vest construction.

Figure 2. Force Sensing Resistor sensors placement.

Figure 3. (a) Muse headband overview. (b) The 10–20 system electrode placement.

Figure 4. The sequence of procedures used in this study.

Figure 5. Real experimental scenario.

Figure 6. Distribution of prototype VAS categories.

Figure 7. Data distribution of VAS score-mean pressure.

Table 1. The changes of absolute band powers before and during the intervention.

Participants	Delta (Δδ)	Theta (Δθ)	Alpha (Δα)	Beta (Δβ)	Gamma (Δγ)
ADK	−0.67	1.32	0.54	5.19	4.19
AJ	13.42	−2.07	−2.08	−0.97	−3.91
AJF	18.64	12.50	6.34	7.63	2.37
BY	−4.75	0.66	7.75	4.78	1.97
CMN	−7.33	−3.36	−6.36	−6.47	−8.06
DKI	6.54	14.94	9.93	10.30	6.54
FM	−4.15	−4.51	−4.06	−2.46	−4.07
FNM	−0.22	−4.40	−3.11	−5.63	−9.03
HAS	8.70	9.39	4.86	5.81	2.45
IWM	7.58	0.33	2.51	0.50	1.87
JU	11.35	8.87	4.21	2.58	2.18
LH	−42.56	−45.18	−34.42	−34.14	−33.96
MAP	5.46	4.83	0.03	−2.24	3.94
MBT	3.93	7.06	−22.43	−2.93	−0.96
MDA	−7.82	−3.62	−4.67	−11.60	−3.64
MLR	−1.81	−7.73	−12.22	−13.69	−7.43
MSF	−2.60	1.32	−2.48	−4.64	−1.63
MT	18.86	21.37	12.97	18.43	12.69
NK	1.46	−0.60	1.18	−1.76	−2.99
RF	0.72	1.62	−2.27	−15.98	−6.50
SF	5.19	1.87	−0.81	0.38	0.17
SJ	0.94	5.87	8.56	2.16	−2.16
TF	2.56	9.78	8.99	2.56	1.22
WK	8.92	11.34	6.12	11.87	9.83
ZA	−10.00	−16.39	−13.22	−12.03	−14.79
n Increase	15 (60%)	16 (64%)	13 (52%)	12 (48%)	12 (48%)
n Decrease	10 (40%)	9 (36%)	12 (48%)	13 (52%)	13 (52%)
N total	25 (100%)

Figure 8. The percentage of increased absolute band powers in each frequency band from baseline to wearing vest.

Table 2. Comparison test in the changes of absolute band powers.

Frequency bands	N	Mean ± SD	The p-Value of the normality test	The p-Value of the comparison test
Delta baseline (δ1)	25	79.93 ± 10.402	0.30*	0.201^a
Delta during the test (δ2)	25	81.22 ± 16.050	0.02
Theta baseline (θ1)	25	67.16 ± 7.206	0.63*	0.211^a
Theta during the test (θ2)	25	68.17 ± 14.223	0.03
Alpha baseline (α1)	25	75.37 ± 6.625	0.68*	0.968^a
Alpha during the test (α2)	25	74.01 ± 13.408	0.05
Beta baseline (β1)	25	73.57 ± 8.425	0.44*	0.431^b
Beta during the test (β2)	25	71.87 ± 9.824	0.16*
Gamma baseline (γ1)	25	57.23 ± 7.356	0.99*	0.280^b
Gamma during the test (γ2)	25	55.24 ± 10.066	0.49*

*Normally distributed.

^aWilcoxon test.

^bPaired sample T-test.

Table 3. The comparison of the previous with this present study.

Authors	DPT tools	Pressures	Measurements	Results
(Grandin, 1992)	Grandin’s squeeze machine	Adult: 60 psi; Children: 30–40 psi	Subjective personal rating	Support
(Edelson et al., 1999)	Grandin’s squeeze machine	As they desired	Physiological: GSR Behavioral: CPRS	Support
(Vandenberg, 2001)	Weighted vest	5% of body weight	Behavioral observation	Support
(Carter, 2005)	Weighted vest	7.5% of body weight	Behavioral: SIB observation	Not support
(Reichow et al., 2010)	Weighted vest	5% of body weight	Behavioral: Social validity	Mix results
(Hodgetts et al., 2011a)	Weighted vest	5% and 10% of body weight	Off-task behavioral observation, CGI-T	Not support
(Hodgetts et al., 2011b)	Weighted vest	5% and 10% of body weight	Physiological: HR Behavioral observation	Not support
(Watkins & Sparling, 2014)	Inflatable vest	Maximum inflation	Behavioral: QABF rating scale	Not support
(Reynolds et al., 2015)	Inflatable vest	‘Firm hug’	Physiological: SCL, NSRs, RSA	Support
(Losinski et al., 2017)	Weighted blanket; Inflatable vest	6 pounds; Maximum inflation	Behavioral: BORIS v2.97	Mix results
(Biswas et al., 2018)	Sleeping bag with weight and vibration	8% of body weight	Subjective personal ratings	Support
(Foo et al., 2018)	Compression vest	Not determined	Subjective rating scale	Support
(Chen et al., 2019)	Weighted blanket	10% of body weight	Physiological: HR, HRV	Support
Present study	Inflatable vest	Self-regulated	Physiological: EEG Subjective: VAS	Support

BORIS: Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software.

CGI-T: Conners’ Global Index-Teacher.

CPRS: Conners’ Parent Rating Scale.

EEG: Electroencephalogram.

GSR: Galvanic Skin Response.

HR: Heart Rate.

HRV: Heart Rate Variability.

NSRs: Nonspecific Skin Conductance Responses.

QABF: Questions About Behavioral Function.

RSA: Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia.

SCL: Skin Conductance Level.

SIB: Self-Injurious Behavior.

VAS: Visual Analogue Scale.

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