Phenolic composition of selected herbal infusions and their anti-inflammatory effect on a colonic model in vitro in HT-29 cells

Figures & data

Table 1. Yield, TPC, and IC₅₀ of lyophilized aqueous crude herbal extracts

Sample	Yield (%)	TPC (μg GAE/mg)	IC50 (μg/mL)
Arnica	21.03 ± 3.05^abd	26.2 ± 5.32^ab	2,559.81 ± 11.77^ab
Chamomile	34.21 ± 4.27^f	27.3 ± 6.85^b	4,713.27 ± 8.90^bc
Cumin	25.84 ± 1.50^be	15.3 ± 4.24^ac	4,200.31 ± 25.91^abc
DRP	13.59 ± 1.20^c	8.0 ± 4.10^c	2,452.53 ± 0.09^a
Laurel	21.82 ± 0.78^ab	70.7 ± 2.73^d	5,097.11 ± 5.11^c
Marjoram	13.92 ± 1.25 ^cd	66.8 ± 1.90^d	4,097.80 ± 6.93^abc
Mint	17.75 ± 1.29^acd	19.2 ± 0.95^abc	4,507.57 ± 11.24^abc
Salvilla	20.31 ± 0.61^abcd	23.3 ± 1.19^ab	2,947.43 ± 31.88^abc
Yerbaniz	22.25 ± 2.36^ab	44.3 ± 2.50^e	2,918.56 ± 5.05^abc

Significant statistical differences were determined by Fisher (p < 0.05) after the ANOVA test.

Table 2. Phenolic compounds detected by HPLC in lyophilized aqueous herbal extracts

Phenolics (retention time ^* )	Arnica	Cumin	DRP	Mint	Laurel	Chamomile	Marjoram	Salvilla	Yerbaniz
Hesperidin (6.56)	−−−	+++	+++	+++	−−−	−−−	−−−	+++	−−−
Cumaric acid (7.52)	+++	−−−	+++	+++	+++	+++	−−−	−−−	+++
Vanillic acid (19.87)	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	−−−	+++	−−−
Caffeic acid (20.52)	+++	−−−	+++	−−−	−−−	+++	+++	+++	−−−
EGCG (21.93)	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	−−−	+++	−−−
Vanillin (26.42)	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++
Rosmarinic acid (30.78)	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	+++	−−−	−−−
Chlorogenic acid (2.82)	+++	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−

^* Retention time is given in minutes; −−− absence, +++ presence.

Table 3. Phenolic compounds detected by GC–MS in lyophilized aqueous herbal extracts

Phenolic (retention time ^* )	Arnica	Cumin	DRP	Mint	Laurel	Chamomile	Marjoram	Salvilla	Yerbaniz
Benzoic acid (6.390)	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.279	−−−	0.393	0.282	−−−	−−−
Salicylic acid (11.368)	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.274	−−−	−−−	0.203	−−−	−−−
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (13.486)	0.569	0.281	−−−	0.187	−−−	0.191	0.131	−−−	0.436
Gentisic acid (16.322)	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.227	−−−	−−−	−−−
Protocatechuic acid (17.039)	1.636	0.103	−−−	0.993	0.115	0.330	0.244	−−−	2.127
Vanillin (11.824)	0.225	1.156	−−−	−−−	0.488	−−−	0.123	−−−	0.397
Vanillic acid (16.048)	1.957	0.267	0.436	0.541	0.231	0.984	0.119	0.626	0.196
Gallic acid (19.431)	0.105	0.145	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.059
Tyrosol (12.465)	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.085	−−−	−−−
Phenylacetic acid (7.261)	0.181	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−
4-Hydroxyphenilacetic acid (13.725)	−−−	0.071	−−−	0.055	−−−	0.032	−−−	−−−	−−−
α-Hydroxycinnamic acid (12.797)	−−−	0.093	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.631
Cumaric acid (18.918)	0.113	0.104	−−−	0.106	0.143	0.276	−−−	−−−	−−−
o-Cumaric acid (16.415)	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.417	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−
Caffeic acid (22.147)	0.164	0.097	−−−	0.866	−−−	0.358	0.188	0.480	0.226
Ferulic acid (21.344)	0.056	0.114	−−−	0.063	0.126	0.130	−−−	−−−	−−−
Umbelliferone (17.159)	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.695	−−−	−−−	1.208
Chlorogenic acid (35.988)	0.069	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−
Rosmarinic acid (38.565)	−−−	−−−	−−−	0.568	−−−	−−−	1.192	−−−	−−−
Ellagic acid (37.368)	−−−	0.020	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−
Catechin (33.934)	−−−	0.017	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−	−−−
Epicatechin (33.678)	0.036	0.106	−−−	0.377	0.500	−−−	0.025	−−−	−−−

^* Retention time is given in minutes; Concentration is expressed as relative area (%).

Figure 1. Effect of infusions on HT-29 cells determined by the MTT assay

Notes: Cells were treated with the LACE at different concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.75, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mg/mL) during 24 h. The mitochondrial enzymatic activity (MEA %) was determined comparing with the control (DMSO 0.04%).

Figure 2. Expression of COX-1, COX-2, TNFα, NF-κB, and IL-8 by western blotting using GAPDH as a protein loading control

^*Treatment with LACE at 0.125 mg/mL; ^** Treatment with indomethacin 250 μM followed by the LACE at 0.125 mg/mL.