Modulation in growth, photosynthesis and yield attributes of black mustard (B. nigra cv. IC247) by interactive effect of wastewater and fly ash under different NPK levels

Figures & data

Table 1. Scheme of treatments given in randomized complete block design

Treatments (Fertilizer)	Treatments/Waters		Remarks (per hectare)
	GW	WW
N0P0K0 FA0	+	+	0 kg N, 0 kg P, 0 kg K, 0 t FA
N40P15K15 FA10	+	+	40 kg N, 15 kg P, 15 kg K, 10 t FA
N60P30K30 FA10	+	+	60 kg N, 30 kg P, 30 kg K, 10 t FA
N80P45K45 FA10	+	+	80 kg N, 45 kg P, 45 kg K, 10 t FA
N40P15K15 FA20	+	+	40 kg N, 15 kg P, 15 kg K, 20 t FA
N60P30K30 FA20	+	+	60 kg N, 30 kg P, 30 kg K, 20 t FA
N80P45K45 FA20	+	+	80 kg N, 45 kg P, 45 kg K, 20 t FA

N.B.: The NPK fertilizer doses and fly ash were calculated on the basis of their composition and that one hectare of land contained 2 × 10⁶ kg effective soil. GW = Ground water and WW = Wastewater.

Table 2. Physiochemical characteristics of experimental soil mixed with fly ash before sowing the plant

Characteristics	Soil	Flyash	Soil + FA (10 t ha^−1)	Soil + FA (20 t ha^−1)
Colour	Light brownish	Greyish	–	–
Texture	Sandy loam	Slightly silty	–	–
CEC (meq 100 g^−1 soil)	2.92 ± 0.23	6.9 ± 0.62	3.1 ± 0.21	3.6 ± 0.32
pH	7.8 ± 0.62	8.7 ± 0.78	7.8 ± 0.54	8.2 ± 0.73
Porosity (%)	40.71	64.92	41.00	45.42
Water holding capacity (%)	35.84	55.61	37.11	44.23
Organic carbon (%)	0.758 ± 0.06	0.222 ± 0.02	0.953 ± 0.06	1.28 ± 0.11
NO3−N (g kg^−1 soil)	0.292 ± 0.02	0.060 ± 0.01	0.264 ± 0.01	0.289 ± 0.02
Phosphorus (g kg^−1 soil)	0.136 ± 0.01	0.021 ± 0.001	0.136 ± 0.01	0.158 ± 0.01
Potassium	21.00 ± 1.68	15.00 ± 1.35	22.00 ± 1.54	35.00 ± 3.15
Magnesium	31.42 ± 2.51	21.95 ± 1.97	33.11 ± 2.31	38.23 ± 3.44
Calcium	19.31 ± 1.54	19.56 ± 1.76	20.16 ± 1.41	30.90 ± 2.78
Sodium	12.02 ± 0.96	16.13 ± 1.45	13.34 ± 0.93	18.19 ± 1.63
Bicarbonate	19.33 ± 1.54	13.42 ± 1.20	24.22 ± 1.69	32.86 ± 2.95
Carbonate	78.29 ± 6.26	70.14 ± 6.31	81.20 ± 5.68	96.82 ± 8.71
Sulphate	17.66 ± 1.41	26.25 ± 2.36	21.66 ± 1.51	35.9 ± 3.23
Chloride	28.22 ± 2.25	19.71 ± 1.77	33.34 ± 2.33	37.47 ± 3.37

Notes: All determinations in mg l⁻¹ in 1:5 ratio (Soil:Water extract), except pH or as specified.

All the values are mean of three replicates ± SE.

Table 3. Physiochemical characteristics of ground water (GW) and wastewater (WW) before sowing the plant

Characteristics	GW	WW
pH	6.9–7.3	7.9–8.3
EC (μ mhos cm^−1)	711–735	840–870
Total solids (T.S.)	902–912	1,209–1,279
Total dissolved solids (T.D.S.)	525–549	632–683
Total suspended solids (T.S.S.)	420–431	675–690
Dissolved oxygen (DO)	7.40–6.70	2.22–2.45
Biological oxygen demand (B.O.D.)	15.99–16.73	160.75–168.34
Chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D.)	35.20–41.28	119.19–128.73
Hardness	110.0–117.0	320.0–331.0
Magnesium (Mg^++)	17.48–17.35	128.17–123.21
Calcium (Ca^++)	23.91–22.68	41.48–42.66
Potassium (K^+)	6.08–7.52	16.67–19.14
Sodium (Na^+)	16.36–17.39	46.67–51.28
Bicarbonate (${\text{HCO}}_3^{-}$)	61.00–60.00	86.00–94.00
Carbonate (${\text{CO}}_3^{--}$)	33.20–46.80	118.24–121.29
Chloride (Cl^−)	59.73–65.48	113.10–120.42
Phosphate (${\text{PO}}_4^{-}$)	0.37–0.15	1.04–1.15
Sulphates (${\text{SO}}_4^{--}$)	35.28–79.87	46.52–83.13
Nitrate N (${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$N)	0.74–0.76	1.20–1.23
Ammonium N (${\text{NH}}_3^{-}$N)	1.13–1.29	5.21–5.41
Chromium (Cr)	BDL	0.011–0.021
Copper (Cu)	BDL	0.195–0.263
Nickel (Ni)	BDL	0.375–0.461
Lead (Pb)	BDL	0.038–0.051
Cadmium (Cd)	BDL	0.008–0.018

Notes: All determinations in mgl⁻¹ or as specified except pH.

BDL: Below Detectable Limit.

Table 4. Model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) experimental design; randomized complete block

Source of variation	df (degree of freedom)	SS (Sum of square)	MSS (Mean sum of square)		F (variance) value	Significant (p < 0.05)
Waters	(n−1) = 1	SSwater	MSwater	$=\frac{S{S}_{\text{waters}}}{n-1}$	F1 = $\frac{M{S}_{\text{water}}}{M{S}_{\text{interaction}}}$	if F1 > F0.05
Treatments	(k−1) = 6	SStreatment	MStreatment	$=\frac{S{S}_{\text{treatments}}}{k-1}$	F2 = $\frac{M{S}_{\text{treatment}}}{M{S}_{\text{interaction}}}$	if F2 > F0.05
Interactions	(n−1) × (k−1) = 6	SSinteraction	MSinteraction	$=\frac{S{S}_{\text{interactions}}}{\left(n-1\right)(k-1)}$
Error	26
Total	41	SStotal	(nk−1) = (N−1)

Notes: F1 is variance of water with df at (n−1) vs. (n−1)(k−1).

F2 is variance of treatments with df at (n−1) vs. (n−1)(k−1).

Table 5. Effect of ground water and wastewater alone and along with different fly ash (t ha⁻¹) and N, P and K levels (kg ha⁻¹) on shoot fresh and dry and root fresh and dry weight of black mustard (B. nigra cv. IC 247) at age 35, 70 and 105 days after sowing (DAS)

Age (DAS)	Treatments	Fresh weight (g)								Dry weight (g)
		Shoot				Root				Shoot				Root
		GW		WW		GW		WW		GW		WW		GW		WW
35	N0P0K0 FA0	2.44^j		2.82^i		0.32^k		0.34^jk		0.47^f		0.49^ef		0.031^h		0.033^gh
	N40P15K15 FA10	3.00^hi		3.72^g		0.35^i–k		0.40^efg		0.52^de		0.59^c		0.036^fgh		0.049^a–h
	N60P30K30 FA10	3.98^f		4.16^d–f		0.42^def		0.46^bcd		0.59^c		0.61^c		0.044^b–h		0.053^abcdefg
	N80P45K45 FA10	4.06^ef		4.36^b–d		0.44^cde		0.51^a		0.61^c		0.70^b		0.051^a–h		0.062^ab
	N40P15K15 FA20	3.05^h		4.23^c–e		0.36^h–k		0.49^ab		0.54^d		0.69^b		0.036^e–h		0.058^abcde
	N60P30K30 FA20	3.15^h		4.91^a		0.37^g–j		0.53^a		0.55^d		0.83^a		0.039^d–h		0.067^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	3.66^g		4.54^b		0.39^f–i		0.52^a		0.58^c		0.72^b		0.040^c–h		0.066^a
70	N0P0K0 FA0	17.57^h		18.78^h		1.38^k		1.47^jk		2.53^l		3.17^k		0.34^m		0.38^lm
	N40P15K15 FA10	19.30^h		24.71^ef		1.53^ijk		1.75^e–h		3.49^j		3.85^fgh		0.40^kl		0.50^ghi
	N60P30K30 FA10	24.83^ef		25.36^e		1.79^d–g		1.92^bcd		3.87^efg		4.07^d		0.53^fg		0.55^def
	N80P45K45 FA10	24.88^ef		37.49^c		1.83^c–g		2.19^a		4.07^de		4.34^bc		0.53^efg		0.58^bcd
	N40P15K15 FA20	21.61^g		30.56^d		1.60^hij		2.00^b		3.53^ij		4.30^c		0.45^jk		0.57^cdef
	N60P30K30 FA20	23.44^fg		42.51^a		1.68^ghi		2.24^a		3.64^hij		4.64^a		0.47^ij		0.65^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	24.01^ef		39.97^b		1.73^fgh		2.20a		3.72^ghi		4.44^abc		0.48^hij		0.62^ab
105	N0P0K0 FA0	43.28^j		46.36^ij		3.28^k		3.83^j		9.37 ^*		11.19 ^*		1.35^j		1.56^i
	N40P15K15 FA10	49.15^hi		52.81^d–g		4.01^ij		5.08^gh		12.29 ^*		13.54 ^*		1.65^hi		1.91^defg
	N60P30K30 FA10	53.23^def		60.06^c		5.10^fgh		5.30^d–g		13.68 ^*		14.58 ^*		2.05^d		2.43^b
	N80P45K45 FA10	56.18^d		65.72^b		5.28^efg		5.68^bcd		14.36 ^*		15.38 ^*		2.24^c		2.46^b
	N40P15K15 FA20	49.38^ghi		62.01^c		4.14^ij		5.46^c–g		12.48 ^*		15.19 ^*		1.77^gh		2.46^b
	N60P30K30 FA20	50.26^fgh		70.50^a		4.34^i		6.53^a		13.36 ^*		16.53 ^*		1.87^fg		2.82^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	51.20^e–h		68.08^ab		4.76^h		5.95^b		13.53 ^*		15.62 ^*		1.87^efg		2.75^a
	LSD at 5%	35	70		105	35	70		105	35	70		105	35	70		105
	W =	0.07	0.72		1.30	0.01	0.06		0.14	0.01	0.08		0.68	0.008	0.146		0.06
	T =	0.14	1.35		2.44	0.03	0.11		0.27	0.02	0.15		1.27	0.01	1.352		0.12
	I =	0.20	1.91		3.46	0.04	0.15		0.38	0.03	0.21		^* N.S	0.02	2.449		0.17

Notes: Values are presented as mean (n = 3). Significant difference at p < 0.05 was determined by least significant difference (LSD) test to compare the means.

Superscript letters with different values denote DMR test of significance. W: water, T: Treatment and I: Interaction.

^* N.S: non-significant at interaction.

Figure 1. Effect of ground water and wastewater alone and along with different fly ash (t ha⁻¹) and N, P and K levels (kg ha⁻¹) on net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of black mustard (B. nigra cv. IC 247) at age 35 and 70 days after sowing (DAS)

Note: Values are presented as Mean ± SE (n = 3). Significant difference at p < 0.05 was determined by least significant difference (LSD) test to compare the means.

Table 6. Effect of ground water and wastewater alone and along with different fly ash (t ha⁻¹) and N, P and K levels (kg ha⁻¹) on leaf number, leaf area and shoot and root length of black mustard (B. nigra cv. IC 247) at age 35, 70 and 105 days after sowing (DAS)

Age (DAS)	Treatments	Leaf characteristics								Length (cm)
		Leaf number				Leaf area (cm^2)				Shoot				Root
		GW		WW		GW		WW		GW		WW		GW		WW
35	N0P0K0 FA0	6.67 ^*		7.33 ^*		27.08 ^*		28.66 ^*		11.30^m		12.60^l		5.87^m		6.63^lm
	N40P15K15 FA10	7.67 ^*		8.33 ^*		29.33 ^*		33.50 ^*		13.00^kl		14.23^ghij		6.90^klm		7.40^hijkl
	N60P30K30 FA10	8.33 ^*		8.67 ^*		34.25 ^*		37.32 ^*		14.27^fghij		14.67^defghi		7.43^fghijkl		7.80^defghijk
	N80P45K45 FA10	8.67 ^*		9.00 ^*		35.75 ^*		40.17 ^*		14.30^efghij		15.37^bcdef		7.53^efghijkl		7.93^bcdefghi
	N40P15K15 FA20	8.00 ^*		9.00 ^*		31.40 ^*		38.40 ^*		13.20^jkl		15.23^cdefg		7.07^jkl		7.87^cdefghijk
	N60P30K30 FA20	8.00 ^*		9.33 ^*		32.32 ^*		42.28 ^*		13.90^ijk		17.23^a		7.27^ijkl		9.40^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	8.33 ^*		9.00 ^*		32.73 ^*		40.47 ^*		14.20^hij		16.07^abc		7.40^hijkl		8.87^abcd
70	N0P0K0 FA0	10.67^k		11.00^jk		50.40^l		53.73^jkl		84.17^h		88.37^g		11.70^f		12.93^e
	N40P15K15 FA10	11.67^ijk		13.33^efghi		55.30^kl		66.45^fghi		91.27^fg		99.97^e		15.07^d		17.13^c
	N60P30K30 FA10	13.67^defghi		14.33^bcdefgh		67.12^efgh		71.68^cdef		104.27^d		107.40^cd		17.13^c		18.00^bc
	N80P45K45 FA10	14.00^cdefgh		16.33^ab		68.43^defgh		77.63^bc		107.10^cd		114.83^b		17.40^bc		18.20^b
	N40P15K15 FA20	12.67^ghijk		16.17^ab		60.82^ij		75.28^bc		93.90^f		108.87^c		15.27^d		18.20^b
	N60P30K30 FA20	12.67^ghijk		17.00^a		63.63^hi		93.33^a		97.33^e		120.00^a		15.30^d		20.70^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	13.00^fghij		16.67^a		64.38^ghi		81.40^b		98.03^e		115.27^b		15.43^d		20.60^a
105	N0P0K0 FA0	41.33^j		45.33^ij		38.40^l		40.40^k		122.40^k		130.84^j		25.80^j		27.97^i
	N40P15K15 FA10	46.67^i		59.00^fg		43.35^j		48.32^f		145.33^i		156.00^ef		28.30^h		31.10^g
	N60P30K30 FA10	60.00^efg		68.00^cd		48.35^e		63.25^c		156.87^def		160.00^d		34.63^f		37.60^de
	N80P45K45 FA10	64.33^de		70.33^abc		55.52^d		69.92^ab		159.33^de		168.73^c		36.23^ef		39.50^bcd
	N40P15K15 FA20	46.67^i		68.33^bcd		45.25^i		67.20^b		148.87^hi		165.10^c		29.30^ghi		38.27^cd
	N60P30K30 FA20	52.67^h		74.33^a		45.42^h		78.42^a		150.13^gh		204.43^a		29.58^ghi		42.53^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	58.00^g		71.00^abc		46.68^g		75.15^a		153.40^fg		189.67^b		30.70^g		40.63^ab
	LSD at 5%	35	70		105	35	70		105	35	70		105	35	70		105
	W =	0.57	0.80		1.92	1.98	2.33		1.57	0.44	1.29		1.42	0.40	0.35		0.77
	T =	1.07	1.50		3.60	3.71	4.38		2.94	0.83	2.42		2.65	0.76	0.66		1.44
	I =	^* N.S	2.12		5.09	^* N.S	6.20		4.17	1.18	3.92		3.37	1.08	0.94		2.04

Notes: Values are presented as mean (n = 3). Significant difference at p < 0.05 was determined by least significant difference (LSD) test to compare the means.

Superscript letters with different values denote DMR test of significance. W: water, T: Treatment and I: Interaction.

^* N.S: non-significant at interaction.

Table 7. Effect of ground water and wastewater alone and along with different fly ash (t ha⁻¹) and N, P and K levels (kg ha⁻¹) on nitrate reductase (NR) activity, carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, chlorophyll (Chl) content and carotenoid content of black mustard (B. nigra cv. IC 247) at age 35, 70 and 105 days after sowing (DAS)

Age (DAS)	Treatments	Enzymes characteristics								Pigments
		Nitrate reductase (NR) activity				Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity				Chlorophyll (Chl) content				Carotenoid content
		GW		WW		GW		WW		GW		WW		GW		WW
35	N0P0K0 FA0	218.21 ^*		227.22 ^*		2.35^k		2.52^j		0.860^m		0.920^l		0.303^j		0.345^i
	N40P15K15 FA10	235.52 ^*		259.18 ^*		2.55^j		2.81^f		0.920^jkl		0.960^fghi		0.366^h		0.404^fg
	N60P30K30 FA10	265.26 ^*		270.77 ^*		2.96^e		3.19^c		0.980^ef		1.02^d		0.417^ef		0.428^cde
	N80P45K45 FA10	268.39 ^*		278.38 ^*		3.10^d		3.23^c		1.000^de		1.11^bc		0.428^de		0.447^a
	N40P15K15 FA20	243.32 ^*		274.62 ^*		2.62^i		3.20^c		0.940^ijkl		1.07^c		0.373^h		0.439^bcd
	N60P30K30 FA20	250.20 ^*		290.21 ^*		2.68^h		3.46^a		0.940^hijkl		1.19^a		0.381^h		0.460^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	253.52 ^*		283.45 ^*		2.74^g		3.30^b		0.950^ghijkl		1.12^b		0.398^g		0.450^ab
70	N0P0K0 FA0	310.22 ^*		331.15 ^*		3.32^k		3.48^j		1.60^l		1.68^k		0.465^j		0.508^i
	N40P15K15 FA10	338.35 ^*		377.34 ^*		3.56^i		3.81^g		1.69^jk		1.80^g		0.518		0.563^f
	N60P30K30 FA10	388.47 ^*		408.20 ^*		3.90^f		4.13^de		1.86^f		1.90^e		0.582^e		0.601^d
	N80P45K45 FA10	394.53 ^*		424.11 ^*		4.07^e		4.23^bc		1.88^ef		1.98^c		0.585^e		0.620^c
	N40P15K15 FA20	346.63 ^*		420.13 ^*		3.60^i		4.19^cd		1.71^ijk		1.94^d		0.520^hi		0.616^c
	N60P30K30 FA20	353.35 ^*		447.91 ^*		3.68^h		4.41^a		1.74^hi		2.23^a		0.530^h		0.658^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	368.29 ^*		434.42 ^*		3.75^gh		4.29^b		1.77^h		2.11^b		0.544^g		0.638^b
105	N0P0K0 FA0	279.78 ^*		296.81 ^*		2.86^l		2.95^k		1.14^k		1.19^j		0.377^j		0.408^i
	N40P15K15 FA10	309.66 ^*		339.49 ^*		3.07^j		3.31^fg		1.21^ij		1.35^g		0.415^hi		0.439^ef
	N60P30K30 FA10	344.63 ^*		355.18 ^*		3.33^ef		3.40^d		1.38^f		1.47^d		0.442^e		0.480^c
	N80P45K45 FA10	350.28 ^*		368.10 ^*		3.37^de		3.58^b		1.42^e		1.59^b		0.463^d		0.492^c
	N40P15K15 FA20	320.72 ^*		361.09 ^*		3.15^i		3.48^c		1.23^i		1.51^c		0.417^ghi		0.486^c
	N60P30K30 FA20	327.53 ^*		400.15 ^*		3.22^h		3.71^a		1.24^i		1.71^a		0.429^fgh		0.535^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	333.38 ^*		379.21 ^*		3.25^gh		3.63^b		1.27^h		1.61^b		0.434^ef		0.515^b
	LSD at 5%	35	70		105	35	70		105	35	70		105	35	70		105
	W =	10.99	14.02		8.82	0.017	0.027		0.024	0.012	0.012		0.011	0.006	0.004		0.006
	T =	20.56	26.24		16.51	0.033	0.050		0.045	0.024	0.023		0.021	0.011	0.008		0.011
	I =	^* N.S	^* N.S		^* N.S	0.047	0.071		0.064	0.034	0.033		0.030	0.016	0.012		0.016

Notes: Values are presented as mean (n = 3). Significant difference at p < 0.05 was determined by least significant difference (LSD) test to compare the means.

Superscript letters with different values denote DMR test of significance. W: water, T: Treatment and I: Interaction.

^* N.S: non-significant at interaction.

Table 8. Effect of ground water and wastewater alone and along with different fly ash (t ha⁻¹) and N, P and K levels (kg ha⁻¹) on leaf nitrogen (N), leaf phosphorus (P) and leaf potassium (K) contents of black mustard (B. nigra cv. IC 247) at age 35, 70 and 105 days after sowing (DAS)

Age (DAS)	Treatments	Macro-nutrients
		Nitrogen (N) content				Phosphorus (P) content				Potassium (K) content
		GW		WW		GW		WW		GW		WW
35	N0P0K0 FA0	2.55^m		2.73^l		0.319^l		0.333^kl		2.02^m		2.16^lm
	N40P15K15 FA10	2.86^k		3.17^fgh		0.342^jk		0.375^fg		2.23^kl		2.45^ghij
	N60P30K30 FA10	3.17^gh		3.28^de		0.378^efg		0.393^cd		2.50^fghi		2.58^defgh
	N80P45K45 FA10	3.24^efg		3.33^bcd		0.385^def		0.409^ab		2.53^efgh		2.63^bcdefg
	N40P15K15 FA20	2.98^j		3.31^cde		0.350^ij		0.401^bc		2.28^ikl		2.61^cdefg
	N60P30K30 FA20	3.07^i		3.46^a		0.359^hi		0.422^a		2.30^ijkl		2.84^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	3.15^hi		3.38^abc		0.367^gh		0.415^ab		2.38^hijk		2.69^abcdef
70	N0P0K0 FA0	3.48^l		3.65^k		0.429^l		0.444^kl		3.02^l		3.17^k
	N40P15K15 FA10	3.71^jk		3.97^g		0.453^jk		0.504^fg		3.25^jk		3.48^fg
	N60P30K30 FA10	4.08^f		4.20^de		0.512^ef		0.545^cd		3.55^ef		3.76^cd
	N80P45K45 FA10	4.13^ef		4.49^c		0.528^de		0.555^bc		3.66^de		3.86^bc
	N40P15K15 FA20	3.77^ij		4.30^d		0.466^ij		0.551^bc		3.31^ijk		3.80^bc
	N60P30K30 FA20	3.82^hi		4.81^a		0.475^hi		0.586^a		3.33^hij		4.08^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	3.89^gh		4.63^b		0.490^gh		0.568^b		3.40^ghi		3.93^b
105	N0P0K0 FA0	2.95^l		3.10^k		0.388^k		0.408^j		2.28^k		2.45^j
	N40P15K15 FA10	3.18^j		3.51^g		0.415^ij		0.464^ef		2.57^ij		2.84^fg
	N60P30K30 FA10	3.53^fg		3.62^e		0.470^def		0.484^bcd		2.90^efg		3.03^cde
	N80P45K45 FA10	3.60^ef		3.88^c		0.475^cdef		0.490^b		2.95^defg		3.14^abc
	N40P15K15 FA20	3.26^i		3.75^d		0.428^hi		0.486^bcd		2.63^hi		3.10^bcd
	N60P30K30 FA20	3.30^i		4.13^a		0.444^gh		0.597^a		2.79^gh		3.30^a
	N80P45K45 FA20	3.38^h		3.97^b		0.457^fg		0.496^b		2.79^gh		3.20^ab
	LSD at 5%	35	70		105	35	70		105	35	70		105
	W =	0.033	0.038		0.027	0.005	0.006		0.007	0.079	0.053		0.618
	T =	0.062	0.071		0.052	0.010	0.012		0.013	0.148	0.099		0.115
	I =	0.088	0.101		0.073	0.014	0.017		0.018	0.209	0.140		0.163

Notes: Values are presented as mean (n = 3). Significant difference at p < 0.05 was determined by least significant difference (LSD) test to compare the means.

Superscript letters with different values denote DMR test of significance. W: water, T: Treatment and I: Interaction.

Table 9. Effect of different NPK + FA concentrations along with ground water (GW) and wastewater (WW) on yield characteristics like number of seeds siliqua⁻¹, number of siliqua plant⁻¹, 1,000 seed weight and seed and oil yields of B. nigra cv. IC 247 at 150 days after sowing

Treatments	Yield characteristics (Age—105 DAS)
	Siliquae number		Seed number		Siliqua length		1,000 seed weight
	GW	WW	GW	WW	GW	WW	GW	WW
N0P0K0 FA0	234.33 ^*	271.00 ^*	5.67 ^*	6.00 ^*	1.47^l	1.60^kl	1.44^j	1.58^ji
N40P15K15 FA10	296.33 ^*	349.33 ^*	6.00 ^*	7.00 ^*	1.60^jkl	1.93^fghi	1.64^hi	1.74^efghi
N60P30K30 FA10	353.67 ^*	370.00 ^*	7.33 ^*	8.67 ^*	2.00^efgh	2.40^cde	1.76^defghi	1.85^bcdef
N80P45K45 FA10	366.33 ^*	386.67 ^*	7.67 ^*	8.67 ^*	2.23^de	2.63^abc	1.80^cdefgh	1.87^abcdef
N40P15K15 FA20	325.33 ^*	375.33 ^*	6.33 ^*	8.67 ^*	1.70^ijkl	2.47^bcde	1.65^ghi	1.87^abcdef
N60P30K30 FA20	331.00 ^*	400.67 ^*	6.67 ^*	9.00 ^*	1.77^hijk	2.83^a	1.70^fghi	2.04^a
N80P45K45 FA20	347.00 ^*	394.00 ^*	6.67 ^*	9.00 ^*	1.83^ghijk	2.77^a	1.74^efghi	1.94^abcd
LSD at 5% W =	7.546		0.627		0.095		0.070
T =	14.11		1.174		0.179		0.132
I =	^* N.S		^* N.S		0.253		0.183
	Biological yield		Seed yield		Oil content		Oil yield
	GW	WW	GW	WW	GW	WW	GW	WW
N0P0K0 FA0	11.63 ^*	13.57 ^*	3.83^l	4.25^k	35.29^k	35.87^j	135.03 ^*	152.53 ^*
N40P15K15 FA10	12.33 ^*	13.93 ^*	4.40^k	5.16^gh	36.17^j	37.44^fg	159.12 ^*	193.33 ^*
N60P30K30 FA10	12.64 ^*	14.86 ^*	5.27^fgh	5.47^def	37.76^f	40.14^d	198.85 ^*	219.75 ^*
N80P45K45 FA10	14.30 ^*	15.27 ^*	5.34^efg	5.75^bcd	39.42^e	40.60^bcd	210.66 ^*	233.44 ^*
N40P15K15 FA20	14.53 ^*	14.99 ^*	4.72^j	5.60^cde	36.71^i	40.34^cd	173.25 ^*	225.90 ^*
N60P30K30 FA20	13.02 ^*	15.94 ^*	4.83^ij	6.10^a	36.83^hi	41.12^a	178.02 ^*	250.99 ^*
N80P45K45 FA20	13.28 ^*	15.54 ^*	5.05^hi	5.87^abc	37.18^ghi	40.84^ab	187.76	239.64
LSD at 5% W =	0.590		0.116		0.187		7.747
T =	1.140		0.217		0.349		14.49
I =	^* N.S		0.307		0.494		^* N.S

Notes: Values are presented as mean (n = 3). Significant difference at p < 0.05 was determined by least significant difference (LSD) test to compare the means.

Superscript letters with different values denote DMR test of significance. W: water, T: Treatment and I: Interaction.

^* N.S: non-significant at interaction.

Figure 2. Regression relationship between seed yield and (a) nitrate reductase (NR) activity (b) carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity (c) chlorophyll content (d) carotenoid content (e) net photosynthetic rate (f) leaf nitrogen (N) (g) leaf phosphorus (P) and (h) leaf potassium (K) content of B. nigra cv. IC247 under different FA and NPK levels