Climate change adaptation: Uncovering constraints to the use of adaptation strategies among food crop farmers in South-west, Nigeria using principal component analysis (PCA)

Figures & data

Table 1. Frequency distribution of respondents by their socio-economic characteristics

	Frequency	Percentage
Age (years)	Mean = 52.98
20–40	70	20.0
41–60	180	50.0
61–80	104	28.9
>80	4	1.1
Total	360	100
Sex
Male	311	86.4
Female	49	13.6
Total	360	100
Level of education	Mean = 8.38
No formal education	61	17.0
Primary	116	32.2
Secondary	108	30.0
Tertiary	75	20.8
Total	360	100
Household size	Mean = 7.41
1–5	119	33.0
6–10	172	47.8
11–15	59	16.4
>15	10	2.8
Marital status
Single	3	0.8
Married	332	92.2
Widow/widower	25	7.0
Divorced	0	0.0
Total	360	100
Extension contact	Means = 9.12
1–5	33	9.2
6–10	60	16.6
11–15	97	26.9
16–20	46	12.8
>20	20	5.6
No contact	104	28.9
Total	360	100

Source: Computed from survey data, 2011.

Figure 1. Farm-level climate change adaptation strategies used by food crop farmers in Southwestern Nigeria.

Notes: MLTV means Multiple crop types/varieties; LDFRG means Farm plots fragmentation; AFTP means Alternative fallow/ tillage practices; MTPD means Multiple planting dates; IRP means Irrigation practice; CRDV means Crop Diversification; OFEM means Off-farm employment; MULC means Mulching; CVCR means Cover Cropping; FEAP means Fertilizer application; PLTR means planting of trees; SHAD means Shading/sheltering; and ADFSZ means adjustment in farm size.
Source: Computed from survey data, 2011.

Table 2. PCA on constraints of food crop farmers to climate change adaptation strategies in south-western Nigeria

	Constraints	Components^*					Communality
		Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 5
1.	Lack of access to weather forecast technologies	0.755					0.643
2.	Lack of or inadequate government policies to empower food crop farmers	0.753					0.612
3.	Lack of access to supporting institutional facilities	0.655					0.591
4.	Lack of access to and awareness about NGOs programme on climate change adaptation	0.568					0.452
5.	Lack of access to weather and climate forecast information	0.561					0.440
6.	Non-availability of farm labour	0.485					0.490
7.	Limited government irresponsiveness to climate risk management	0.417					0.285
8.	High cost of farmland		0.791				0.691
9.	Poor access to and control of land		0.783				0.645
10.	Inherited system of land ownership		0.743				0.636
11.	Neighbourhood norms, customs, culture and traditional belief against adaptation		0.655				0.488
12.	Religious belief of the farming household		0.591				0.441
13.	Lack of collateral security required to secure loan to support food crop farming		0.400				0.481
14.	High cost of improved crop varieties			0.669			0.560
15.	Traditional beliefs/practices e.g. on the commencement of farming season, crop festival period, etc.			0.504			0.509
16.	High cost of irrigation facilities			0.488			0.426
17.	Illiteracy of the food crop farmers			0.487			0.365
18.	Poor information on early warning systems			0.427			0.461
19.	Far distance of household food crop farms to their homesteads				0.613		0.549
20.	Involvement of the food crop farmers in some off farm jobs				0.580		0.412
21.	Small-scale production of some of the food crop farming household				0.536		0.369
22.	Poor access to climate change adaptation strategies information by food crop farmers				0.516		0.404
23.	Insufficient knowledge of credit source to support farm work				0.469		0.333
24.	Tedious nature of climate change adaptation strategies				0.451		0.315
25.	Lack of /or inadequate extension programmes directed to meet the climate change adaptation strategies in food crop production					0.774	0.620
26.	Poor agricultural extension service delivery					0.746	0.653
27.	Non-availability of storage facilities^**			0.630	0.404		0.643
	Percentage (%) of total variance	11.9	11.5	8.8	8.7	7.6

Source: Computed from survey data, 2011.

^* Factor 1 = Public, institutional and labour constraints; Factor 2 = Land, neighbourhood norms and religious beliefs constraints; Factor 3 = High cost of inputs, technological and poor information on early warning systems constraints; Factor 4 = Far farm distance, poor access to climate change adaptation information, off-farm job and credit source constraints; Factor 5 = Poor agricultural extension programmes and service delivery constraints.

^** Constraints that loaded under more than one factor.