Evaluation of fodder plants (Ficus polita, Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina) for their phytochemical and antibacterial properties

Figures & data

Table 1. Phytochemical constituents of leaf extract of Ficus polita, Azadirachta indica, and Vernonia amygdalina

Phytochemical constituents (mg/100 g)	Ficus polita	Azadirahcta indica	Vernonia amygdalina	SEM	p-value
Tannin	0.346^b	0.414^a	0.353^b	0.01	0.0005
Phenol	0.273^b	0.320^a	0.240^c	0.02	0.0001
Alkaloid	15.285^b	15.740^a	13.040^c	0.53	0.0001
Saponin	0.674^b	0.682^a	0.675^b	0.00	0.0383
Flavonoids	0.386^a	0.377^b	0.385^a	0.00	0.0402
Steroids	0.134^a	0.128^b	0.123^c	0.00	0.0060
Terpenoids	0.114^c	0.120^a	0.116^b	0.00	0.0033
Glycosides	0.365^c	0.573^a	0.421^b	0.03	0.0001
Trypsin inhibitor (μ/mg)	0.166^b	0.182^a	0.184^a	0.00	0.0007
Oxalate	0.138^c	0.177^b	0.185^a	0.00	0.0001
Phytate	0.118^c	0.213^a	0.204^b	0.01	0.0001

Notes: SEM = standard error of mean; p-value = probability value.

^{a, b, c} Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 1. Antibacterial activity of leaf against Escherichia coli AC = acetone, ET = ethanol, and GE = gentamycin.

Figure 2. Antibacterial activity of leaf against Staphylococcus aureus AC = acetone, ET = ethanol, and GE = gentamycin.

Figure 3. Antibacterial activity of leaf against Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC = acetone, ET = ethanol, and GE = gentamycin.

Figure 4. Antibacterial activity of leaf against Salmonella typhi AC = acetone, ET = ethanol, and GE = gentamycin.

Table 2. MICs of F. polita, A. indica, and V. amygdalina

Fodder plants	Extract	Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/mL)
		Test organisms
		E. coli	S. aureus	P. aeurginosa	S. typhi
F. polita	Acetone	0.27	0.21	0.25	0.18
	Ethanol	0.35	0.25	0.32	0.20
A. indica	Acetone	0.27	0.20	0.31	0.18
	Ethanol	0.35	0.29	0.27	0.25
V. amygdalina	Acetone	0.20	0.25	0.32	0.18
	Ethanol	0.22	0.21	0.30	0.14
Gentamycin		0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01
DMSO		9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0

Note: DMSO = dimethyl-sulphoxide (dissolvent).

Table 3. MBCs of F. polita, A. indica, and V. amygdalina

Fodder plant	Extract	Minimum bactericidal concentration (mg/mL)
		Test organisms
		E. coli	S. aureus	P. aeurginosa	S. typhi
F. polita	Acetone	1.12	0.82	1.10	0.70
	Ethanol	1.60	0.88	1.20	0.90
A. indica	Acetone	0.66	0.64	0.62	0.60
	Ethanol	0.70	0.65	1.12	1.15
V. amygdalina	Acetone	1.20	0.90	1.80	0.60
	Ethanol	1.40	1.20	1.90	0.92
Gentamycin		0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01
DMSO		9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0

Note: DMSO = dimethyl-sulphoxide (dissolvent).