Brassinosteroid-mediated pesticide detoxification in plants: A mini-review

Figures & data

Table 1. Persistence of pesticides in various plant parts

Pesticide	Plant	Application mode	Concentration (pesticide applied)	Plant part analyzed	Time after treatment (Days)	Residues detected (mg Kg^−1)	References
Acetamiprid	Brassica juncea L.	Spray	40 g ai ha^−1	Young plant	1	0.42	Pramanik, Bhattacharyya, Dutta, Dey, and Bhattacharyya (2006)
					7	0.01
	Capsicum annuum L.	Spray	40 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.03	Sanyal, Chakma, and Alam (2008)
					7	0.009
Atrazine	Oryza sativa L.	Hoagland medium	0.8 mg L^−1	Leaves	2	2.94	Zhang, Lu, Zhang, Tan, and Yang (2014)
					6	4.26
β-Cyfluthrin	Cajanus cajan L.	Spray	25 g ai ha^−1	Green pods	1	13.73	Mukherjee, Gopal, and Mathur (2007)
					10	3.45
	Cicer aretinium L.	Spray	25 g ai ha^−1	Green pods	1	5.98
					10	1.22
		Spray	36 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	1	0.57	Chahil, Mandal, Sahoo, Battu, and Singh (2014)
					5	0.06
				Pods	1	0.26
					5	0.10
	Solanum melongena L.	Spray	25 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.23	Sinha and Gopal (2002)
					7	0.11
		Spray	36 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.08	Mandal, Chahil, Sahoo, Battu, and Singh (2010)
					5	0.01
Chlorpyrifos	Capsicum annuum L.	Spray	1,000 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	1.30	Jyot, Mandal, Battu, and Singh (2013)
					7	0.47
Cypermethrin	Brassica oleracea L. var. Snowball 16	Spray	100 g ai ha^−1	Heads	1	0.86	Singh, Singh, and Battu (1990)
					3	0.08
				Leaves	1	0.35
					3	0.08
	C. annuum L.	Spray	100 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.28	Jyot et al. (2013)
					7	0.12
Deltamethrin	B. oleracea L. var. Snowball 16	Spray	24 g ai ha^−1	Heads	1	0.13	Singh et al. (1990)
					2	0.06
				Leaves	1	0.09
					2	0.04
Fenvalerate	B. oleracea L. var. Snowball 16	Spray	100 g ai ha^−1	Heads	1	1.07	Singh et al. (1990)
					3	0.25
				Leaves	1	0.25
					3	0.03
Flubendiamide	Abelmoschus esculentus L.	Spray	48 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.41	Das, Mukherjee, and Das (2012)
					5	0.21
	Brassica oleracea L.	Spray	48 g ai ha^−1	Head	1	0.41	Mohapatra et al. (2010)
					7	0.19
	Cicer aretinium L.	Spray	96 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	1	0.86	Singh et al. (2011)
					5	0.22
				Pods	1	0.61
					5	0.10
	Cucumis anguria L.	Spray	120 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	1.03	Paramasivam, Selvi, and Chandrasekaran (2014)
					7	0.15
	Lycopersicon esculentum L.	Spray	100 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.31	Paramasivam and Banerjee (2012)
					5	0.10
			96 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.08	Kooner, Sahoo, Singh, and Battu (2010)
					3	0.02
Fipronil	C. annuum L.	Spray	80 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	1.01	Xavier et al. (2014)
					7	0.50
	Saccharum officinarum L.	Sand	300 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	7	0.66	Mandal and Singh (2014)
					45	0.16
Imidacloprid	Beta vulgaris altissima D.	Seed	900 μg^−1 seed	Leaves	21	15.2	Westwood, Bean, Dewar, Bromilow, and Chamberlain (1998)
					97	0.5
				Roots	49	1.3
					97	0.08
	Brassica campestris L.	Spray	40 g ai ha^−1	Herbage	1	1.86	Kumar and Dikshit (2001)
					15	0.17
		Seed	10 g ai Kg^−1 seed	Herbage	30	5.39
					82	0.33
	B. juncea L.	Spray	40 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	1	2.98	Mukherjee and Gopal (2000)
					10	0.90
	B. oleracea L. var. capitata	Spray	40 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	1	6.14
					10	0.97
	B. oleracea L. var. Golden acre	Spray	40 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	2	0.18	Gajbhiye, Gupta, and Gupta (2004)
					5	0.03
	B. oleracea L. var. Ketki	Spray	40 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	2	0.32
					5	0.03
				Curd	2	0.57
					5	0.12
	C. aretinium L.	Spray	84 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	1	0.72	Chahil et al. (2014)
					5	0.34
				Pods	1	0.30
					5	0.07
	Cucumis sativus L.	Spray	60 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	2.54	Hassanzadeh, Esmaili Sari, and Bahramifar (2012)
					7	1.01
			125 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1d	0.37	Nasr, Abbassy, Marzouk, and Mansy (2014)
					15	0.03
	L. esculentum L.	Spray	100 g ai fe^−1	Leaves	1	2.35	Romeh, Mekky, Ramadan, and Hendawi (2009)
					7	0.76
				Fruits	1	0.58
					7	0.25
	Oryza sativa L.	Spray	80 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	7	9.40	Akoijam and Singh (2014)
					45	0.59
	Punica granatum L.	Spray	54 g ai ha^−1	Peel	1	0.33	Kadam, Deore, and Umate (2014)
					7	0.11
				Whole fruit	1	0.25
					7	0.05
	Saccharum officinarum L.	Soil	80 g ai ha^−1	Leaves	7	12.99	Sharma and Singh (2014)
					45	2.37
	Solanum melongena L.	Spray	84 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.25	Mandal et al. (2010)
					5	0.13
			40 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	2.37	Mukherjee and Gopal (2000)
					10	0.37
	Vitis vinifera L.	Spray	160 g ai ha^−1	Fruit	1	1.02	Mohapatra et al. (2011)
	Zea mays L.	Seed	1.0 mg^−1 seed	Roots	45	0.29	Donnarumma et al. (2011)
					60	0.12
				Leaves	45	0.013
					60	0.005
				Stem	45	0.008
					60	0.006
Penconazole	Lycopersicon esculentum L.	Spray	10 g ai fe^−1	Leaves	1	1.22	Romeh et al. (2009)
					7	0.50
				Fruits	1	0.17
					7	0.12
Profenofos	L. esculentum L.	Spray	540 g ai fe^−1	Leaves	1	26.06	Romeh et al. (2009)
					7	0.33
				Fruits	1	3.47
					7	1.28
Tetraconazol	Cucumis sativus L.	Spray	50 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.10	Nasr et al. (2014)
					11	0.002
Thiacloprid	L. esculentum M	Spray	96 g ai ha^−1	Fruits	1	0.14	Kooner et al. (2010)
					3	0.05

Figure 1. Structure of 24-epibrassinolide (A) and 28-homobrassinolide (B).

Figure 2. Brassinosteroids modulate plant responses under different abiotic stresses.

Figure 3. Overview and mechanism of plant responses to pesticide stress and BRs.

Notes: ROS = reactive oxygen species, BRs = brassinosteroids, SOD = superoxide dismutase, GPX = glutathione peroxidase, CAT = catalase, POD = guaiacol peroxidase, GR = glutathione reductase, APX = ascorbate peroxidase, GST = glutathione-S-transferase, DHAR = dehydroascorbate reductase, MDHAR = monodehydroascorbate reductase.

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