Consumption and emotions among college students toward chocolate product

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of survey participants (n = 89)

	Total
	Mean ± SD
	n (%)
Mindfulness score	36.3 ± 13.2
Craving score	25.9 ± 7.1
Guilt score	28.4 ± 18.8
Hunger score	8.1 ± 2.4
Age
18–24	41 (46.6)
25–34	23 (26.1)
35+	24 (27.3)
Race
White	72 (81.8)
Other	16 (18.2)
Education level
Undergrad	35 (39.8)
Master	34 (38.6)
PhD	19 (21.6)
School
Humanities	28 (34.6)
Health Degrees	39 (48.1)
Other Schools	14 (17.3)
Any dietary restrictions
Yes	13 (14.9)
No	74 (85.1)
Body mass index
Underweight/normal	48 (57.8)
Overweight	22 (26.5)
Obese	13 (15.7)
Do you enjoy chocolate
Definitely Yes	72 (83.7)
Probably Yes	14 (16.1)
Exercise
Never	22 (25.3)
1–2 times/week	19 (21.8)
3–4 times/week	37 (42.5)
4+ times/week	9 (10.3)
Chocolate is not bad as part of a balanced diet
Strongly disagree/dis	6 (7.7)
Neutral	4 (5.1)
Agree	29 (37.2)
Strongly agree	39 (50.0)
I do not diet but watch what I eat
Strongly disagree/dis	8 (10.3)
Neutral	11 (14.1)
Agree	30 (38.5)
Strongly agree	29 (37.2)

Table 2. Factors associated with mindfulness and craving

	Mean ± SD		Mean ± SD
	Mindfulness	p-value	Craving	p-value
Age		0.057		0.063
18–24	39.5 ± 12.1		26.7 ± 6.9
25–34	35.7 ± 13.4		25.2 ± 6.8
35+	31.2 ± 13.7		25.1 ± 7.1
Race/ethnicity		0.785		0.593
White	46.1 ± 13.0		26.1 ± 7.2
Other race	37.1 ± 14.1		25.0 ± 6.4
Education		0.031		0.271
Under classmen	37.2 ± 8.9		28.2 ± 5.8
Upper classmen	38.7 ± 14.5		26.4 ± 6.8
Professional/masters	38.8 ± 12.3		26.4 ± 7.3
Doctorate	28.3 ± 12.4		23.2 ± 7.4
Body mass index		0.414		0.602
Underweight/normal	36.0 ± 11.4		26.4 ± 7.2
Overweight	34.0 ± 15.6		24.6 ± 7.7
Obese	40.1 ± 12.6		26.5 ± 5.5
School/Profession		0.523		0.180
Humanities	34.2 ± 12.8		23.9 ± 6.1
Health Degree	38.0 ± 14.1		27.1 ± 7.6
Other Schools	37.5 ± 10.9		26.8 ± 5.5
Do You Enjoy Chocolate?		0.041		0.473
Definitely Yes	37.5 ± 12.4		27.0 ± 6.6
Probably Yes	29.4 ± 15.5		20.3 ± 7.2
Dietary Restrictions		0.947		0.473
Yes	36.5 ±12.9		27.2 ± 8.7
No	36.3 ± 13.3		25.6 ± 6.8
Exercise		0.905		0.958
Never	36.9 ± 14.9		25.6 ± 7.0
1–2 times/week	37.7 ± 13.7		25.6 ± 7.2
3–4 times/week	35.9 ± 12.5		25.8 ± 6.9
4+ times/week	33.9 ± 11.8		27.1 ± 8.7
Chocolate is not bad as part of a balanced diet		0.503		0.605
Strongly disagree/dis	34.8 ± 10.6		29.7 ± 6.7
Neutral	38.2 ±16.2		25.2 ± 8.3
Agree	39.0 ± 12.7		25.4 ± 6.6
Strongly agree	34.4 ± 12.9		25.6 ± 7.5
I do not diet but watch what I eat		0.585		0.799
Strongly disagree/dis	40.9 ± 16.1		27.5 ± 6.9
Neutral	36.7 ± 8.5		24.3 ± 6.6
Agree	37.1 ± 12.7		26.3 ± 5.7
Strongly agree	34.1 ± 13.5		25.6 ± 8.7

Table 3. Factors associated with guilt and hunger

	Mean ± SD		Mean ± SD
	Guilt	p-value	Hunger	p-value
Age		0.012		0.002
18–24	34.5 ± 17.9		9.0 ± 1.9
25–34	26.7 ± 20.8		7.8 ± 2.6
35+	19.5 ± 14.6		6.9 ± 2.5
Race/ethnicity		0.862		0.2
White	28.2 ± 18.8		8.0 ± 2.4
Other race	29.1 ± 19.1		8.9 ± 2.7
Education		0.055		0.006
Under classmen	37.6 ± 23.9		9.7 ± 2.2
Upper classmen	29.2 ± 17.5		8.4 ± 2.2
Professional/masters	30.7 ± 19.9		8.4 ± 2.5
Doctorate	18.7 ± 11.7		6.6 ± 2.0
Body mass index		0.258		0.698
Underweight/normal	31.3 ± 18.4		8.3 ± 2.3
Overweight	23.0 ± 12.5		7.8 ± 2.2
Obese	29.7 ± 25.3		8.3 ± 2.6
School/Profession		0.889		0.452
Humanities	28.7 ± 19.0		8.3 ± 2.6
Health degree	28.0 ± 18.1		7.9 ± 2.2
Other schools	31.2 ± 24.0		8.9 ± 2.7
Do you enjoy chocolate?		0.724		0.643
Definitely yes	28.0 ± 17.8		8.2 ± 2.3
Probably yes	30.0 ± 24.4		7.8 ± 3.1
Dietary restrictions		0.58		0.668
Yes	25.6 ± 16.9		8.4 ± 2.4
No	28.9 ± 19.2		8.1 ± 2.4
Exercise		0.666		0.133
Never	29.3 ± 19.8		9.0 ± 2.6
1–2 times/week	32.9 ± 13.1		7.8 ± 2.5
3–4 times/week	26.3 ± 19.6		7.6 ± 2.1
4+ times/week	25.6 ± 22.5		9.0 ± 2.4
Chocolate is not bad as part of a balanced diet		0.139		0.864
Strongly disagree/dis	17.7 ± 20.9		8.3 ± 2.1
Neutral	35.7 ± 35.5		9.0 ± 1.4
Agree	33.0 ± 16.6		8.0 ± 2.3
Strongly agree	25.6 ± 16.4		8.1 ± 2.5
I do not diet but watch what I eat		0.632		0.979
Strongly disagree/dis	31.6 ± 17.7		8.1 ± 2.9
Neutral	31.0 ± 18.6		8.4 ± 1.3
Agree	29.5 ± 19.4		8.0 ± 2.5

Table 4. Frequency of consumption of small and medium chocolate bars

	Frequency (%)				p-value
	Never	Once/twice per month	Once/twice per week	3+ times within a week
Age					0.321
18–24	4 (57.1)	19 (51.4)	13 (50.0)	5 (33.3)
25–34	1 (14.3)	7 (18.9)	10 (38.5)	4 (26.7)
35+	2 (28.6)	11 (29.7)	3 (11.5)	6 (40.0)
Race					0.463
White	7 (100)	28 (75.7)	22 (84.6)	12 (80.0)
Other	0 (0.0)	9 (24.3)	4 (15.4)	3 (20.0)
Education level					0.545
Under classmen	1 (14.3)	7 (18.9)	2 (7.7)	0 (0.0)
Upper classmen	2 (28.6)	11 (29.7)	8 (30.8)	4 (26.7)
Professional/masters	3 (42.9)	12 (32.4)	12 (46.2)	5 (33.3)
Doctorate	1 (14.3)	7 (18.9)	4 (15.4)	6 (40.0)
Body mass index					0.455
Underweight/normal	6 (85.7)	18 (52.9)	15 (57.7)	8 (57.1)
Overweight	1 (14.3)	12 (35.3)	5 (19.2)	3 (21.4)
Obese	0 (0.0)	4 (11.8)	6 (23.1)	3 (21.4)
School/Profession					0.422
Humanities	2 (33.3)	12 (35.3)	8 (32.0)	4 (28.6)
Health degree	3 (50.0)	19 (55.9)	9 (36.0)	8 (57.1)
Other schools	1 (16.7)	3 (8.8)	8 (32.0)	2 (14.3)
Do you enjoy chocolate?					0.088
Definitely yes	4 (57.1)	29 (78.4)	24 (92.3)	13 (92.9)
Probably yes	3 (42.9)	8 (21.6)	2 (7.7)	1 (7.1)
Dietary restrictions					0.929
Yes	1 (14.3)	5 (13.5)	5 (19.2)	2 (13.3)
No	6 (85.7)	32 (86.5)	21 (80.8)	13 (86.7)
Exercise					0.232
Never	2 (28.6)	10 (27.0)	5 (19.2)	5 (33.3)
1–2 times/week	0 (0.0)	10 (27.0)	4 (15.4)	4 (26.7)
3–4 times/week	3 (42.9)	16 (43.2)	14 (53.8)	3 (20.0)
4+ times/week	2 (28.6)	1 (2.7)	3 (11.5)	3 (20.0)
Chocolate is not bad as part of a balanced diet					0.389
Strongly disagree/disagree	0 (0.0)	2 (6.1)	4 (16.7)	0 (0.0)
Neutral	1 (16.7)	2 (6.1)	0 (0.0)	1 (6.7)
Agree	2 (33.3)	15 (45.5)	8 (33.3)	4 (26.7)
Strongly agree	3 (50.0)	14 (42.4)	12 (50.0)	10 (66.7)
I do not diet but watch what I eat					0.715
Strongly disagree/disagree	1 (16.7)	3 (9.1)	2 (8.3)	2 (13.3)
Neutral	1 (16.7)	6 (18.2)	2 (8.3)	2 (13.3)
Agree	1 (16.7)	16 (48.5)	9 (37.5)	4 (26.7)
Strongly agree	3 (50.0)	8 (24.2)	11 (45.8)	7 (46.7)