The effect of integration, global value chains and international trade on economic growth and food security in ECOWAS

Figures & data

Table 1. Specification test results of the effects of integration, global value chains and international trade on economic growth and food security in ECOWAS

	Hausman Test
Ho: difference in coefficients not systematic
	Model (1)	Model (2)
Dependent variables	Real GDP per Capita (log)	Per capita dietary energy supply (log)
χ^2	9.43***	117.21***
Prob > χ^2	0.0027	0.0000
Number of observations 270		270

^* Significant at 10%.

^** Significant at 5%.

^*** Significant at 1%.

Table 2. Results of the effects of integration, global value chains and international trade on economic growth and food security in ECOWAS

Variables	Model (1)		Model (2)
	Real GDP per Capita (log)		Per capita dietary energy supply (log)
	Coefficient	Prob	Coefficient	Prob
Trade openness	−0.08306	0.2668	0.036203**	0.0410
	(0.074609)		(0.017612)
Intra-community trade	2.63028**	0.0489	0.37977	0.2574
	(1.328243)		(0.334490)
Per capita domestic value added	1.386192***	0.0000
	(0.200369)
Backward			0.356052***	0.0054
			(0.126743)
Foreign direct investment inflows	0.292824***	0.0022	0.006791	0.7538
	(0.094501)		(0.021624)
Gross capital formation	0.543962***	0.0029	0.140021***	0.0011
	(0.180456)		(0.042331)
Inflation	−0.3617***	0.0068
	(0.132363)
Real GDP per capita (log)			0.041838***	0.0039
			(0.014330)
Average value of food production (log)			0.244314***	0.0000
			(0.023328)
Foreign reserves (log)			0.024421***	0.0000
			(0.004966)
Domestic credits			0.03633**	0.0117
			(0.014296)
Agricultural land			3.180132***	0.0000
			(0.511387)
Population growth			0.874901**	0.0166
			(0.362402)
Political instability			−0.00444**	0.0282
			(0.002008)
Constant	5.908543***	0.00000	3.052991***	0.00000
	(0.043177)		(0.114812)
Number of observations	270		270
F-test	222.9256	0.00000	65.3645	0.00000
R^2	0.94807		0.878502

* Significant at 10%, standard errors in parentheses.

** Significant at 5%.

*** Significant at 1%.