Characterization of smallholder mixed crop–livestock systems in integration with spatial information: In case Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of sample peasant administration processed in Arc GIS 10.2.

Table 1. Land-cover area (ha) of agricultural land use in peasant administration (PA)

PA	n	Annual crops	Perennial crops	Vegetables	Pastureland	Tree/Grass cover	Fallow	Other*	Total ha area
Gmra Qema	29	17.26 (34)^§	12.50 (25)	1.52 (3)	14.55 (29)	0.85 (2)	2.96 (6)	1.27 (2)	50.91
Losha	32	12.56 (40)	6.11 (19)	1.47 (5)	7.42 (24)	0.47 (2)	2.18 (7)	1.33 (4)	31.54
Myla	32	30.01 (40)	16.94 (23)	0.75 (1)	20.89 (28)	1.63 (2)	3.27 (4)	1.65 (2)	75.13
Guzza	32	21.85 (43)	10.73 (21)	0.55 (1)	11.43 (23)	1.24 (2)	3.44 (7)	1.38 (3)	50.61
Fishto	32	25.73 (60)	3.53 (8)	0.77 (2)	8.64 (20)	1.10 (3)	1.28 (3)	2.05 (5)	43.1
Gress Zala	33	63.74 (66)	8.84 (9)	1.11 (1)	13.28 (14)	2.50 (3)	4.85 (5)	2.82 (3)	97.13
Qchem Kessi	25	46.68 (70)	1.77 (3)	0.53 (1)	9.56 (14)	1.71 (3)	4.44 (7)	2.13 (3)	66.81
Tarcha Zura	9	15.56 (61)	2.30 (9)	0.30 (4)	3.83 (15)	0.718 (2)	1.53 (6)	1.28 (5)	25.5
Yallo Worbati	32	26.89 (65)	2.92 (7)	0.30 (1)	6.40 (16)	0.96 (2)	3.05 (7)	1.23 (3)	41.26
Alga	32	30.22 (76)	3.38 (9)	0	3.01 (8)	0	1.26 (4)	1.6 (4)	39.47
Ancover	32	17.28 (46)	15.07 (42)	0	1.68 (5)	0	0.54 (3)	1.6 (4)	36.16
Furra	6	7.80 (78)	0.80 (8)	0.30 (3)	0.4 (4)	0	0.3 (3)	0.4 (4)	10
Para Gossa	19	21.28 (66)	6.4 (20)	0	1.36 (4)	0	1.29 (5)	1.6 (5)	32.25
Total (%)	345	335.7 (56)	91.27 (15)	7.60 (1)	103.1 (17)	10.45 (2)	30.70 (5)	20.3 (3)	599.86

*Land area occupied by community house and other currently inaccessible for farming.

^§Numbers in bracket indicate percentage contribution of the different land-use type to total farm land size.

Table 2. Chi-square (χ²) multiple comparison tests on agricultural land-cover area of the farm enterprises in peasant administration

Land cover area	Between	χ^2	df	p < 0.05
Total	Land-use system	60.37	6	0.00*
	Peasant administration	11.38	12	0.50
	Agroecological zone	5.52	3	0.04*
Annual crops	Land-use system	46.39	13	0.00*
	Peasant administration	11.05	12	0.53
	Agroecological zone	2.04	3	0.57
Perennial	Land-use system	24.53	6	0.00*
	Peasant administration	11.04	12	0.53
	Agroecological zone	4.98	3	0.17
Vegetable	Land-use system	14.58	5	0.012*
	Peasant administration	9.69	9	0.38
	Agroecological zone	5.41	3	0.14
Livestock	Land-use system	24.12	2	0.00*
	Peasant administration	5.60	12	0.94
	Agroecological zone	0.44	3	0.93

*Land-cover area between land-use system, peasant administration and agroecological zone of each row are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Family and farm size, and livestock herd head of the households in peasant administration (mean and standard deviation [SD])

Peasant administration	n	Family size mean (SD)	n	Farm size mean (SD)	n	Herd size mean (SD)
Gmra Qema	29	5.76 (2.34)^abc	29	1.76 (1.61)^abc	29	5.77 (2.67)^abc
Losha	32	7.78 (3.30)^cd	32	0.99 (1.01)^a	31	3.29 (2.31)^a
Myla	32	5.19 (1.26)^a	32	2.35 (1.22)^cd	32	7.39 (2.42)^c
Guzza	32	5.59 (2.51)^ab	32	1.58 (1.21)^abc	32	7.57 (2.67)^c
Fishto	32	6.75 (2.21)^abcd	32	1.35 (0.77)^ab	32	5.33 (3.05)^abc
Gress Zala	33	8.64 (2.78)^d	33	2.94 (1.70)^d	33	5.18 (3.36)^abc
Qchem Kessi	25	6.68 (3.33)^abcd	25	2.67 (1.35)^cd	26	7.93 (4.08)^c
Tarcha Zura	9	7.44 (1.88)^abcd	9	2.83 (1.06)^bcd	10	5.58 (3.72)^abc
Yallo Worbati	32	5.88 (1.58)^abc	32	1.29 (1.10)^ab	32	7.66 (5.29)^c
Alga	32	5.94 (1.70)^ab	32	1.23 (0.88)^a	32	6.13 (2.06)^bc
Ancover	32	8.19 (2.12)^d	32	1.13 (0.43)^a	32	4.08 (2.15)^ab
Furra	6	6.50 (1.38)^abcd	6	1.67 (1.72)^abcd	6	8.73 (1.86)^bc
Para Gossa	19	7.21 (2.56)^abcd	19	1.70 (1.61)^abc	25	6.76 (2.81)^bc
Total	345	6.70 (2.56)	345	1.74 (1.35)	352	6.09 (3.40)

^a–dColumn means in category of the same superscript are not significant (p < 0.05).

Table 4. Overall (mean and standard deviation [SD]) distance (minute) from the peasant administration to market type

Peasant administration	n*	Mean (SD)
Gmra Qema	59	254.10 (316.42)^ab
Losha	62	59.92 (40.24)^c
Myla	62	245.42 (334.75)^ab
Guzza	62	330.92 (411.24)^a
Fishto	62	96.08 (33.68)^c
Gress Zala	63	82.14 (34.26)^c
Qchem Kessi	55	172.64 (155.71)^bc
Tarcha Zura	39	184.46 (214.49)^bc
Yallo Worbati	62	155.40 (156.11)^bc
Alga	62	55.95 (59.43)^c
Ancover	62	51.76 (61.11)^c
Furra	36	62.22 (41.70)^c
Para Gossa	49	61.84 (65.32)^c

^a–cColumn means of the same superscript are not significant (p < 0.05).

*Number of respondent in participatory group and household interview in the PA.

Table 5. Overall (mean and standard deviation [SD]) distance (minute) among agroecological zone (AEZ) and market type in peasant administration

AEZ	n*	Mean (SD)	Market type	n	Mean (SD)
Wet highland	121	154.60 (242.31)^a	Agricultural/local market	345	43.56 (21.78)^a
Wet upper lowland to subhumid	249	188.21 (283.94)^a	Center to consumer	130	126.90 (124.10)^b
Wet lowland	156	168.74 (171.63)^a	Market across AEZ	130	152.09 (56.23)^b
Dry lowland	209	57.17 (58.54)^b	Urban market >75,000 population	130	404.21 (389.83)^c

^a–cColumn means of the same superscript in category are not significant (p < 0.05).

*Number of respondent in participatory group and household interview.

Table 6. Elevation (m) tracked during field survey and landscape slope (%) processed in Arc GIS 10.2 in agroecological zone (mean and standard deviation [SD])

Agroecological zone	Elevation (m)		Slope (%)
	n*	Mean (SD)	n^§	Mean (SD)
Wet highland	43	2,715 (34.15)^a	36	12.44 (4.18)^a
Wet upper lowland to subhumid	118	2,115 (121.19)^b	106	31.35 (19.26)^b
Wet lowland	63	1,331 (27.26)^c	54	13.98 (5.70)^a
Dry lowland	83	1,232 (20.73)^d	70	2.93 (1.44)^c

^a–dColumn means in category of the same superscript are not significant (p < 0.05).

*Number of elevation point tracked in Global Positing System.

^§Number of landscape slope value extracted in zonal statistics in ArcGIS 10.2 using elevation point value.

Table 7. Dominant farming system characterized in smallholder mixed crop–livestock systems in agroecological zone (AEZ) and peasant administration (PA)

AEZ	PA	Elevation, m	Dominant soil*	Farming system
Wet highland	Gmra Qema	2,561–2,714	Humic nitisols	Wheat/garlic-enset/bamboo-cattle/sheep
	Losha	2,641–2,743	Humic alisols	Wheat/cabbage-enset/bamboo/apple-cattle/sheep
Wet upper lowland to subhumid	Myla	1,874–2,317	Humic nitisols	Wheat/maize/tef-enset/bamboo-ruminant
	Guzza	1843–2,,231	Eutric vertisols
	Fishto	1,609–2,223	Humic alisols
	Gress Zala	1,787–2,225	Humic alisols
Wet lowland	Qchem Kessi	1,208–1,395	Humic nitisols	Maize/tef-coffee-cattle/goat
	Tarcha Zura	1,195–1,342	Humic nitisols
	Yallo Worbati	1,085–1,272	Lithic liptosols	Maize/tef/groundnut-coffee-cattle/goat
Dry lowland	Alga	1,207–1,221	Humic nitisols	Maize intercropping/banana-cattle/goat
	Ancover	1,216–1,255	Humic alisols
	Furra	1,200–1,209	Eutric fluvisols
	Para Gossa	1,255–1,284	Humic alisols

*Soil spatial interpolated, processed and extracted in zonal statistics in ArcGIS 10.2 using elevation point tracked in Global Positioning System at household level.