Effect of ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the properties, antioxidant and inflammatory activities of carotenoids from gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) fruit pericarp

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of ethanol to water ratio on carotenoid content and antioxidant properties of the extracts at the extraction temperature and time of 75°C and 30 min

Ethanol: water	FRAP (mmol FeSO4/g)	ABTS (µg gallic acid/g)	Carotenoid (mg/g)
Absolute ethanol	557.30^a ± 22.35	2.52^a ± 0.09	68.96^a ± 3.75
90:10	302.10^b ± 3.29	1.13^b ± 0.11	21.57^b ± 2.08
80:20	71.29^c ± 12.47	0.35^c ± 0.08	0.50^c ± 0.04
70:30	23.22^c ± 4.99	0.13^c ± 0.05	0.60^c ± 0.03

All values are shown as means and standard deviations (n = 3). Different letters for the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

Table 2. Effect of temperature on carotenoid contents and antioxidant properties of the extracts extracted with absolute ethanol for 30 min

Temperature (°C)	FRAP ^ns (mmol FeSO4/g)	ABTS (µg gallic acid/g)	Carotenoid ^ns (mg/g)
35 ± 3	414.58 ± 21.04	1.53^c ± 0.02	62.22 ± 1.44
60 ± 3	529.38 ± 26.55	2.24^b ± 0.25	65.58 ± 1.80
75 ± 3	539.50 ± 37.03	2.83^a ± 0.04	66.89 ± 1.69

All values are shown as means and standard deviations (n = 3). Different letters for the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) and ns indicate insignificant differences.

Figure 1. FTIR spectra of pericarp gac fruit extracted with UAE at 75 (full line), 60 (dotted line) and 35°C (dashed line) for 30 min.

Table 3. Effect of extraction time on carotenoid contents and antioxidant properties of the extracts extracted with absolute ethanol at 75°C

Time (min)	FRAP (mmol FeSO4/g)	ABTS (µg gallic acid/g)	Carotenoid (mg/g)
0	405.93^c ± 7.2	0.27^b ± 0.02	9.09^c ± 1.22
5	506.19^c ± 16.7	2.02^a ± 0.01	44.67^b ± 1.02
10	409.57^c ± 14.0	2.32^a ± 0.02	43.13^b ± 0.25
15	590.65^ab ± 0.10	2.67^a ± 0.09	58.05^a ± 2.05
30	694.32^a ± 0.73	3.00^a ± 0.25	59.79^a ± 2.29

All values are shown as means and standard deviations (n = 3). Different letters for the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) and ns indicate insignificant differences.

Figure 2. Chromatograms of lycopene at 31.06 min, x-cis lycopene at 29.39 min and β-carotene at 40.21 min from gac fruit extract without UAE (a) and with UAE for 5 min (b) at 75°C.

Figure 3. The absorption spectrum of x-cis lycopene (a) and all trans lycopene (b).

Figure 4. Effect of the extract on expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in THP 1 cell. The relative fold induction of cytokines as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 was determined on active THP1 cells in various concentrations of crude extract (0.25–1 µg/ml).

*Symbol means there are significant differences in the same cytokine type (P < 0.01) significant of concentrations compared with other concentrations by Duncan’s multiple range test.