Effect of integrated technologies on the productivity of maize, sorghum and pearl millet crops for improving resilience capacity to climate change effects in the dry lands of Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean value of some parameters of soil samples taken before planting at Kobo on-station

Site	pH	%OM	%N	P ppm	K meq/100	CEC meq/100	%clay	%silt	%sand
Kobo on-station	6.25	1.58	0.15	12	0.33	25.64	27.5	57.5	15
Status	SA	low	M	M	low	H	Silty Clay Loam

Note: SA = slightly acidic; M = medium and H = high

Figure 1. Rain fall distribution and amount (mm) at Kobo in cropping seasons of 2013 and 2014

Table 2. Effect of integrated technologies on productivity of pearl millet at Kobo on-station in 2013

	Parameters
Treatments	DE	DH	DM	PH	NTPP	HL	HWt	NHPP	BY	TKW	GY
NF + DS + FB	6	51.7	82a–e	163.7cd	3.3	18.7	4333.3ef	240	9467de	9.8	1789.6def
NF + DS + TR	6	52.7	84a	168.7b–d	4	18.3	6133.3a	275	15200a	9.3	2839.8a
NF+PS+FB	6	49.7	79.3f	158d	3.3	18.7	3733.3f	228.3	8933de	7.5	1171.3f
NF+PS+TR	6	52.3	83.7ab	178.7ab	3.3	19.7	5466.7a–d	220.3	12800a–d	8.7	2349.3a–d
RFR+DS+FB	6	51.7	81.3c–f	162.3cd	4.3	20	5200a–e	263.3	10600c–e	9.4	2088.4b–e
RFR+DS+TR	6	52.3	83.7ab	188a	4.3	19.7	6000a	239.7	14133a–c	9.2	2537.6a–c
RFR+PS+FB	6	51.6	81.7b–e	160.7cd	3.3	20	4400d–f	213.7	9867de	9.8	1998.7c–e
RFR+PS+TR	6	53	83a–c	174bc	3.7	20	4866.7b–e	221.3	11200b–e	8.6	1875.8c–e
MD+DS+FB	6	50.3	80.7d–f	167.7b–d	3.7	20	4866.7b–e	241.7	10333c–e	7.7	1825.8d–f
MD+DS+TR	6	52.7	84a	173.3bc	4	20.7	5933.3ab	250	14667ab	9.4	2714ab
MD+PS+FB	6	50.3	80ef	164cd	3.3	19	4666.7c–f	220	8000e	6.9	1423.3ef
MD+PS+TR	6	52	82.7a–d	168.3b–d	3.3	20.3	5066.7a–e	235.7	12867a–d	9.4	2258.9a–d
MD+PS+TR+IMB	6	53	83.7ab	174bc	3.3	22	5700 a–c	263.3	12400a–d	9	2535.8a–c
MD+PS+TR+IHB	6	51	82.7a–d	174bc	3.7	20	4200ef	208.7	9067de	8	1829.1d–f
LSD0.05	ns	ns	2.16	13.78	ns	ns	1119.1	ns	3939.3	ns	678.88
CV (%)	-	2.4	1.6	4.8	22.4	7.1	13.2	13.2	20.6	17.1	19.4

ns = non-significant; DE = days to emergence; DH = days to heading; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height (cm); NTP = number of tillers per plant; HL = head length; HWt = head weight; NHPP = number of heads per plot; BY = biomass yield (kgha⁻¹); TKW = thousand kernels weight (g); GY = grain yield (kgha⁻¹); NF = no fertilizer; DS = dry seed; FB = flatbed; TR = tie ridge; RFR = recommended fertilizer rate; PS = primed seed; MD = micro-dose; IBM = intercropped mung bean; IHB = intercropped haricot bean

Table 3. Effect of integrated technologies on productivity of pearl millet at Kobo on-station in 2014

	Parameters
Treatments	DE	DH	DM	PH	NTPP	HL	HWt	NHPP	BY	TKW	GY
NF + DS + FB	6.3d–f	52.0b–d	93.7	175.0b–e	4.7	21.0	7933	255.7	18222b–e	14.3	3647a–c
NF + DS + TR	5.0f	52.0b–d	98.3	170.3c–e	3.7	18.0	4533	242.0	14667ef	15.3	2733c
NF+PS+FB	6.3d–f	52.0b–d	96.7	170.7c–e	3.7	18.3	5933	250.3	1644c–f	17.0	3375a–c
NF+PS+TR	8.3ab	55.3a	96.3	164.3de	4.7	19.3	5267	185.7	12000f	15.0	2818c
RFR+DS+FB	5.3ef	50.0d	93.0	156.7e	3.0	20.7	8600	316.0	24222a	14.7	4064ab
RFR+DS+TR	5.3ef	52.7a–d	94.3	184.0a–c	3.7	20.0	7000	254.0	20889a–d	14.7	3753a–c
RFR+PS+FB	6.3c–f	51.0cd	92.3	179.0a–d	3.7	21.3	7867	290.7	21333a–c	15.3	3004bc
RFR+PS+TR	6.7c–f	52.3a–d	96.3	175.7b–e	4.7	18.3	5867	164.7	15333ef	18.0	3066a–c
MD+DS+FB	7.0b–e	54.3ab	96.0	193.0ab	4.7	21.3	8267	244.3	22000ab	16.3	4160a
MD+DS+TR	6.3c–f	53.3a–c	93.7	195.3a	4.0	19.7	7267	231.3	21333a–c	14.7	3996ab
MD+PS+FB	8.7a	53.7a–c	95.0	182.3a–d	4.7	19.3	7467	277.3	18444b–e	18.0	4200a
MD+PS+TR	8.0a–c	54.7ab	98.0	172.0c-e	5.7	19.0	5467	176.7	15111ef	16.0	2821c
MD+PS+TR+IMB	7.7a–d	55.0ab	99.0	187.7a–c	5.0	22.7	5400	187.0	13778ef	15.3	2937bc
MD+PS+TR+IHB	7.7a–d	52.0b–d	97.0	184.3a–c	5.7	20.3	5200	262.0	15778d–f	17.0	2786c
LSD0.05	1.5	2.7	ns	16.2	ns	ns	ns	ns	4794.6	ns	1005.2
CV (%)	12.8	3.1	2.8	5.7	30.8	12.3	24.9	29.6	16.0	13.0	17.7

ns = non-significant; DE = days to emergence; DH = days to heading; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height (cm); NTP = number of tillers per plant; HL = head length; HWt = head weight; NHPP = number of heads per plot; BY = biomass yield (kgha⁻¹); TKW = thousand kernels weight (g); GY = grain yield (kgha⁻¹); NF = no fertilizer; DS = dry seed; FB = flatbed; TR = tie ridge; RFR = recommended fertilizer rate; PS = primed seed; MD = micro-dose; IBM = intercropped mung bean; IHB = intercropped haricot bean

Table 4. Effect of integrated technologies on productivity of maize at Kobo on-station in 2014

	Parameters
Treatments	DE	DT	DM	PH	CL	NCPP	BY	TKW	GY
NF + DS + FB	7.0ab	67.7	116.3	176.7	20.0	41.0de	11111	301.7	2921b
NF + DS + TR	7.3a	68.0	112.3	178.3	19.0	38.7e	10667	293.7	2709b
NF+PS+FB	5.0bc	64.3	116.3	174.7	20.7	46.0c–e	11778	316.3	2655b
NF+PS+TR	4.7c	61.0	111.3	183.7	21.3	53.3a–e	13556	312.8	3742ab
RFR+DS+FB	6.3a–c	64.3	113.7	184.0	22.7	48.7b–e	13111	288.7	4086ab
RFR+DS+TR	6.3a–c	65.0	112.3	201.7	22.0	69.7a	18222	330.7	5653a
RFR+PS+FB	6.0a–c	66.3	111.3	190.7	20.0	49.3b–e	14444	326.0	4371ab
RFR+PS+TR	4.7c	67.3	111.7	199.0	20.7	55.7a–e	15111	303.0	4313ab
MD+DS+FB	7.7a	67.7	112.3	185.0	19.7	48.7b–e	14000	319.0	4120ab
MD+DS+TR	7.7a	67.0	113.7	198.7	21.0	55.3a–e	15333	321.3	4072ab
MD+PS+FB	6.7a–c	68.0	112.7	184.0	22.0	59.0a–d	15111	318.7	4510ab
MD+PS+TR	6.7a–c	66.7	112.0	187.3	21.3	63.0a–c	13556	312.0	4356ab
MD+PS+TR+IMB	5.7a–c	62.3	111.0	198.7	22.3	68.0ab	16444	353.0	5449a
MD+PS+TR+IHB	5.7a–c	68.7	114.3	187.3	21.7	39.3de	16444	329.3	4375ab
LSD0.05	1.8	ns	ns	ns	ns	17.0	ns	ns	1741.0
CV (%)	8.9	6.7	2.9	6.2	9.5	19.3	19.0	7.3	25.3

ns = non-significant; DE = days to emergence; DT = days to tasseling; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height (cm); CL = cob length(cm); NCPP = number of cobs per plot; BY = biomass yield (kgha⁻¹); TKW = thousand kernels weight (g); GY = grain yield (kgha⁻¹); NF = no fertilizer; DS = dry seed; FB = flatbed; TR = tie ridge; RFR = recommended fertilizer rate; PS = primed seed; MD = micro-dose; IBM = intercropped mung bean; IHB = intercropped haricot bean

Table 5. Effect of integrated technologies on productivity of pearl millet at Kobo on-farm in 2014

	Parameters
Treatments	DE	DH	DM	PH	NTPP	HL	HWt	NHPP	BY	TKW	GY
NF + DS + TR	6.5	51.0	97.5	166.5	2.5	16.5	4900	230.0	10,733	14.5	1852
RFR+DS+TR	5.0	51.0	98.0	186.5	1.5	16.5	5000	200.0	14,067	15.0	2273
RFR+PS+TR	6.5	52.5	99.0	185.5	2.5	17.5	5200	245.0	16,000	15.5	1698
MD+DS+TR	6.5	51.5	99.0	182.5	2.5	19.0	5100	172.5	11,600	16.5	2018
MD+PS+TR	5.5	52.0	98.5	174.0	3.0	19.5	5300	191.0	13,000	19.5	2112
MD+PS+TR+IHB	6.0	52.5	99.0	172.0	3.5	18.5	3400	108.0	10,000	16.0	1575
LSD0.05	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
CV %	23.2	3.6	1.7	9.9	33.5	14.2	10.4	22.2	22.6	15.8	26.9

ns = non-significant; DE = days to emergence; DH = days to heading; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height (cm); NTP = number of tillers per plant; HL = head length; HWt = head weight; NHPP = number of heads per plot; BY = biomass yield (kgha⁻¹); TKW = thousand kernels weight (g); GY = grain yield (kgha⁻¹); NF = no fertilizer; DS = dry seed; FB = flatbed; TR = tie ridge; RFR = recommended fertilizer rate; PS = primed seed; MD = micro-dose; IBM = intercropped mung bean; IHB = intercropped haricot bean

Table 6. Effect of integrated technologies on productivity of sorghum at Kobo on-farm in 2014

	Parameters
Treatments	DE	DH	DM	PH	HL	HWt	NHPP	BY	TKW	GY
NF + DS + TR	6.3	74.3	114.7	189.3	20.7	5067c	40.0	12667c	36.0	2199c
RFR+DS+TR	5.7	75.3	114.3	210.3	23.0	7467bc	69.0	24444b	34.7	3803ab
RFR+PS+TR	5.7	73.3	113.0	198.3	21.3	10333a	101.7	32444a	31.7	5032a
MD+DS+TR	5.0	73.7	114.3	197.0	21.0	6733bc	57.7	21333b	39.3	3520b
MD+PS+TR	5.3	71.7	112.3	219.3	20.3	6933bc	76.3	22222b	36.0	3658b
MD+PS+TR+IHB	5.3	74.7	112.7	194.3	22.3	8200ab	82.3	24222b	36.0	4328ab
LSD0.05	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	2503.0	ns	7693.0	ns	1269.4
CV %	10.7	2.9	1.3	8.7	12.0	18.5	28.8	18.5	8.1	18.6

ns = non-significant; DE = days to emergence; DH = days to heading; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height (cm); HL = head length; NHPP = number of heads per plot; BY = biomass yield (kgha⁻¹); TKW = thousand kernels weight (g); GY = grain yield (kgha⁻¹); NF = no fertilizer; DS = dry seed; TR = tie ridge; RFR = recommended fertilizer rate; PS = primed seed; MD = micro-dose; IHB = intercropped haricot bean

Table 7. Effect of integrated technologies on productivity of pearl millet combined analysis at Kobo on-station in 2013 and 2014

	Parameters
Treatments	DE	DH	DM	PH	NTPP	HL	HWt	NHPP	BY	TKW	GY
NF + DS + FB	6.2d–f	51.8bcd	87.8b–d	169.3c–e	4.0	19.8	6133	247.8	12267a–c	12.1	2718
NF + DS + TR	5.5f	52.3a–d	91.2a	169.5c–e	3.8	18.2	5333	258.5	12400a–c	12.3	2786
NF+PS+FB	6.2d–f	50.8d	88.0b–d	164.3de	3.5	18.5	4833	239.3	11200bc	12.2	2273
NF+PS+TR	7.2ab	53.8ab	90.0a–c	171.5b–e	4.0	19.5	5367	203.0	10267c	11.8	2584
RFR+DS+FB	5.7ef	50.8d	87.2cd	159.5e	3.7	20.3	6900	289.7	15644a	12.0	3076
RFR+DS+TR	5.7ef	52.5a–d	89.0a–d	186.0a	4.0	19.8	6500	246.8	15156ab	11.9	3145
RFR+PS+FB	6.2d–f	51.3cd	87.0d	169.8c–e	3.5	20.7	6133	252.2	13956a–c	12.6	2501
RFR+PS+TR	6.3c–e	52.7a–d	89.7a–d	174.8a–d	4.2	19.2	5367	193.0	11400a–c	13.3	2471
MD+DS+FB	6.5b–d	52.3a–d	88.3b–d	180.3a–c	4.2	20.7	6567	243.0	14444a–c	12.0	2993
MD+DS+TR	6.2d–f	53.0a–c	88.8a–d	184.3ab	4.0	20.2	6600	240.7	15556a	12.0	3355
MD+PS+FB	7.3a	52.0a–d	87.5b–d	173.2a–d	4.0	19.2	6067	248.7	11889a–c	11.1	2812
MD+PS+TR	7.0a–c	53.3a–c	90.3ab	170.2c–e	4.5	19.7	5267	206.2	11844a–c	12.7	2540
MD+PS+TR+IMB	6.8a–d	54.0a	91.3a	180.8a–c	4.2	22.3	5550	225.2	11022bc	12.1	2736
MD+PS+TR+IHB	6.8a–d	51.5cd	89.8a–d	179.2a–c	4.7	20.2	4700	235.3	10911bc	12.5	2307
LSD0.05	0.7	1.8	2.4	11.5	ns	ns	ns	ns	3676.2	ns	ns
CV (%)	9.6	2.9	2.3	5.7	27.4	10.5	27.1	26.5	25.0	15.7	23.4

ns = non-significant; DE = days to emergence; DH = days to heading; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height (cm); NTP = number of tillers per plant; HL = head length; HWt = head weight; NHPP = number of heads per plot; BY = biomass yield (kgha⁻¹); TKW = thousand kernels weight (g); GY = grain yield (kgha⁻¹); NF = no fertilizer; DS = dry seed; FB = flatbed; TR = tie ridge; RFR = recommended fertilizer rate; PS = primed seed; MD = micro-dose; IBM = intercropped mung bean; IHB = intercropped haricot bean

Table 8. Effect of integrated technologies on productivity of maize combined analysis at Kobo on-station in 2013 and 2014

	Parameters
Treatments	DE	DT	DM	PH	CL	NCPP	BY	TKW	GY
NF + DS + FB	6.5ab	66.5	104.8	181.8	19.7	38.8	10444	235.7	2139
NF + DS + TR	6.7a	66.7	104.8	186.7	20.3	48.7	12222	248.7	2648
NF+PS+FB	5.5bc	64.5	105.5	187.8	20.0	49.3	11111	261.0	2607
NF+PS+TR	5.3c	62.7	103.2	198.0	20.8	53.0	12556	249.4	3120
RFR+DS+FB	6.2a–c	64.2	104.2	191.0	20.5	46.2	12556	239.8	3015
RFR+DS+TR	6.2a-c	64.5	103.2	205.7	22.2	65.2	16889	273.5	4392
RFR+PS+FB	6.0a–c	64.8	102.7	194.5	20.5	48.2	13333	272.2	3219
RFR+PS+TR	5.3c	66.3	103.5	206.2	22.0	57.8	15000	251.5	3600
MD+DS+FB	6.8a	65.8	102.8	193.5	20.2	53.7	13667	261.7	3480
MD+DS+TR	6.8a	65.5	103.7	201.8	21.0	53.8	15111	272.0	3437
MD+PS+FB	6.3a–c	66.8	104.5	192.8	21.2	54.3	12222	240.8	3011
MD+PS+TR	6.3a–c	66.0	104.3	197.2	22.2	61.3	13889	263.3	3500
MD+PS+TR+IMB	5.8a–c	63.3	102.5	204.2	22.7	66.0	15556	288.3	4414
MD+PS+TR+IHB	5.8a–c	66.8	104.5	188.8	19.8	41.2	12444	248.8	2893
LSD0.05	0.9	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
CV (%)	13.5	5.8	2.9	7.8	14.2	28.1	25.3	12.5	23.5

ns = non-significant; DE = days to emergence; DT = days to tasseling; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height (cm); CL = cob length(cm); NCPP = number of cobs per plot; BY = biomass yield (kgha⁻¹); TKW = thousand kernels weight (g); GY = grain yield (kgha⁻¹); NF = no fertilizer; DS = dry seed; FB = flatbed; TR = tie ridge; RFR = recommended fertilizer rate; PS = primed seed; MD = micro-dose; IBM = intercropped mung bean; IHB = intercropped haricot bean